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ANFT SEP 2022

ABSTRACT

Yang, Y., Wang, B., Li, H., Chen, B.Y. and Yu, Z. 2022. Effects of pelletized corn straw and alfalfa hay-based total mixed ration on growth performance, blood characteristics and rumen fermentation of small tailed Han sheep. Animal Nutrition and Feed Technology, 22: 469-480.

The aim of this study was to determine the effects of pelletized corn straw (CS)- and alfalfa hay (AH)-based total mixed rations (TMRs) on the growth performance, blood characteristics and rumen fermentation of small-tailed Han sheep. Sixty sheep were divided into four treatment groups and randomly allocated to receive one of the following TMRs: (a) TMR-(unpelletized, with 40% CS); (b) TMR+(pelletized, with 40% CS); (c) TMR-1(pelletized, with 20% CS and 20% AH); and (d) TMR-2(pelletized, with 10% CS and 30% AH). Results showed that gas production, organic matter degradability and metabolizable energy at 48h were higher (P<0.01) in TMR-1 and TMR-2 than in other TMR. Dry matter intake and average daily gain were higher (P<0.05) in TMR-1 than in TMR+. The feed conversion ratio was higher (P<0.05) in TMR+ than in TMR-2. The plasma concentrations of total proteins, albumin, glucose and alkaline phosphatase were higher (P<0.01) in TMR-1 than in TMR+. Blood urea nitrogen and ammonia nitrogen were higher (P<0.01) in TMR+ than in TMR-2. It is indicated that pelletized TMR with appropriate amount CS and AH is a better fattening feed for sheep.

Keywords: Blood, Growth, Pelletize, Rumen, Sheep

*Corresponding author: cauyangyang@163.com

ABSTRACT

Khoshbin, M.R., Vakili, R. and Tahmasbi, A.M. 2022. Effects of organic and inorganic manganese on egg shell quality, bone strength and immune response in old laying hens. Animal Nutrition and Feed Technology, 22: 481-488.

A study was conducted to investigate the effects of manganese sulfate and manganese amino acid complex on layer performance, egg shell quality, tibia breaking strength, and immune response in layer birds. A total of 250 Hy-Line W-36 laying hens (80 wk age) were allocated to 5 treatments groups and 5 replications with 25 pens/treatment and 10 hen/cage using a completely randomized design. There were 5 treatments with combination of supplemental Mn-sulfate and chelated AA-Mn as follows: T1 0-0% (T1 as control), T2 100-0%, T3 75-25%, T4 50-50%, T5 25-75%. The feeding of dietary treatments started at 80 weeks of age and measurements of the key parameters were made from 82 to 92 weeks. The results revealed that supplementation of Mn-sulfate and AA-Mn had no significant (P>0.05) effect on the shell weight, thickness and breaking strength. Significantly (P<0.05) higher egg weight was recorded in the treatment groups (T2-T5) compared to T1. Tibia breaking strength was similar for all groups (P>0.05). However, the amount of force required to break tibia was numerically more in T4 group compared to T5 and T1 groups. Serum IgG and IgM levels were increased significantly (P<0.05) in T2, T4 and T5 groups as compared to T1 (control). It may be concluded that, supplementation of chelated manganese in laying hens’ showed improvements in egg weight and immune response when compared to inorganic salts at the latter part of the laying cycle.

Keywords: Egg shell, Immune response, Laying hen, Manganese, Tibia

*Corresponding author: rezavakili2010@yahoo.com

ABSTRACT

Aminullah, N., Prabhu, T.M., Naik, J., Suresh, B.N., Chikkaramappa, T. and Umashankar, B.C. 2022. Effect of organic and nano forms of copper at reduced dietary levels on excretion and tissue deposition of selected minerals in giriraja chicken. Animal Nutrition and Feed Technology, 22: 489-501.

This study was aimed to evaluate the effect of reduced dietary copper (Cu) levels using organic and nanoparticle forms on excretion and tissue deposition of selected minerals in improved native chickens. Day-old Giriraja chicks (n=420) were assigned to 7 groups, each consisting 4 replicates of 15 chicks. The chick (1-6 weeks) and grower phase (7-10 weeks) basal diets were correspondingly supplemented with 20 and 30 ppm Cu from inorganic source as control. Basal diets were supplemented with organic Cu at 100 (OC-100), 75 (OC-75) and 50% (OC-50) of control or with nanoparticle Cu at 75 (NC-75), 50 (NC50) and 25% (NC-25) of control and served as the test diets. A conventional metabolism trial and sampling of tissues were conducted at termination of the experiment. Intake, excretion and retention of Ca and P were similar among the groups. Cu intake was proportional to its inclusion level in the diet. Cu excretion (% intake or mg/bird/d) was reduced (P<0.05) and retention was improved (P<0.05) in all the test groups compared to control. Fe excretion was higher (P=0.048) in OC-50 compared to NC-50. Zn and Mn excretion and retention were similar among all the groups. Bone Ca was higher (P=0.010) in NC-50 compared to OC-100. Cu deposition in liver and muscle was higher (P=0.001) in OC-100 and NC-75, while the lowest was noticed in control and NC-25. Fe concentration in liver was higher (P=0.020) in OC-100 than in control, while Zn content was higher (P=0.05) in OC-50 and NC-50 than in OC-100. Mn content in liver and Fe, Zn and Mn content in muscle were unaffected. The study revealed that the Cu excretion could be reduced with better Cu deposition in tissues using organic or nano particle source in the diet of Giriraja birds without affecting Fe, Zn, Mn, Ca and P balance in chicken.

Keywords: Copper, Excretion, Giriraja chicks, Nanoparticles, Organic form, Tissue minerals

*Corresponding author: prabhutmann@gmail.com

ABSTRACT

Singh, N., Dubey, M., Doneria, R., Deshmukh, S., Nety, S., Kumari, K., Prusty, S. and Krishnan, K. 2022. Influence of dietary inclusion of rice dried distillers grain with solubles on oxidative stress and histomorphology of gut in broiler chicken. Animal Nutrition and Feed Technology, 22: 503-511.

An experiment was conducted to study the effect of dietary inclusion of rice dried distillers grain with solubles (RDDGS) on oxidative stress indices and gut histomorphology in broiler chicken. Day old broiler chicks (n=180) were randomly allotted to 4 groups (T1-T4) of 45 chicks in each with 3 replicates having 15 chicks per replicate by completely randomized design. To maize soy based diets RDDGS was supplemented in groups T1, T2, T3 and T4 at 0, 5, 10 and 15%, respectively. Malondialdehyde concentration, an indicator of lipid peroxidation increased significantly (P<0.05) when RDDGS was incorporated at 15% level. However, up to 10% level there was no significant effect on malondialdehyde concentration. RDDGS levels had no significant effect on reduced glutathione (GSH) concentration. Increased levels of RDDGS had better (P<0.05) effect on dressing per cent and gizzard weight. Histo-morphological study of small intestine revealed significantly higher height of villus in duodenum of group T1 and T2 as compared to T3 and T4. Degenerative changes in liver at 15% level were observed. Based on the findings, inclusion of RDDGS at 10% level in broiler diet is considered suitable.

Keywords: Broiler, Gut histomorphology, GSH, Malondialdehyde, RDDGS

*Corresponding author: drmeenu.dubey@gmail.com

ABSTRACT

Cardoso, R.B., Silva, G.C., Quadros, D.G., Andrade, A.P., Soares, D.S., Corte, I.S. and Fernandes, O. 2022. Inclusion of cotton gin trash to improve elephant grass silage quality. Animal Nutrition and Feed Technology, 22: 513-524.

The present study was carried out to investigate the fermentation profile, chemical composition, in vitro dry matter digestibility (IVDMD), and aerobic stability of elephant grass silage prepared with cotton gin trash (CGT). After chopped in particles of 3 cm, the grass (with 18.1% of DM) was mixed with five proportions of CGT (0, 5, 10, 15, and 20%, as fed) and ensiled in buckets, under a randomized experimental design with five replications, for a 50-d period. The pH quadratically increased (P<0.05), and ammonia-nitrogen (NH3 -N) as a percentage of total nitrogen (TN) quadratically decreased (P<0.01) when the proportions of CGT were increased. The CGT linearly reduced (P<0.01) effluent losses. Gaseous losses and DM recovery (DMR) were not affected (P>0.05), although the contrast of 0 vs. 20% showed a significant (P<0.05) increase in gaseous losses and a decrease in DMR. Lactate concentrations linearly increased (P<0.01), while acetate and butyrate quadratically increased (P<0.01) and decreased (P<0.01), respectively, with CGT. The DM linearly increased (P<0.01), but the CP was not affected (P>0.05) by the CGT levels. The NDF, ADF, lignin, NDIN, and ADIN linearly increased (P<0.01), while the IVDMD linearly decreased (P<0.01) with CGT. Ensiling elephant grass with 10, 15, and 20% of CGT resulted in better aerobic stability, whereas 5% CGT and control were unstable at higher at temperatures and pH. The inclusion of 10% CGT for ensiling elephant grass can be recommended to reduce effluent losses, increase DM and aerobic stability with satisfactory nutritive value.

Keywords: Aerobic stability, Cotton gin trash, Elephant grass, In vitro digestibility, Fermentation

*Corresponding author: dquadros@uneb.br

ABSTRACT

Kumar, S., Jahageerdar, S., Shamna, N. and Chanu, T.I. 2022. Fish protein hydrolysate in larval diet can augment the survival rate, growth performance, and enzyme activities of Indian walking Catfish, Clarias magur Larvae. Animal Nutrition and Feed Technology, 22: 525-541.

A 45 days feeding trial was conducted to observe the effects of different levels of dietary fish protein hydrolysate (FPH) on growth, survival and selected enzyme activities of thirty days post hatch Clarias magur larave. A total of 180 advanced thirty days post hatch (DPH) larvae (0.16±0.02 g) were randomly distributed in four treatments including control in triplicate. Four isonitrogenous (40% crude protein) and isocaloric (359 kcal/100g) diets prepared with different percentage of FPH viz., 5, 10 and 15% by replacing 13, 26 and 40% fish meal respectively. The treatments were designated as C (0% FPH), T1 (5% FPH), T2 (10% FPH) and T3 (15% FPH). Significantly (P<0.05) higher weight gain (%) and specific growth rate (SGR) were found in T1 group fed with 5% FPH diet followed by T2 while lowest feed conversion ratio (FCR) was recorded in T1 . Length gain of larvae showed non-significant (P>0.05) difference among treatments and T3 group reported highest length gain. Survival% recorded highest in group fed with 5% FPH. Proximate composition of whole body of larvae exhibited non-significant (P>0.05) difference effect among the treatment groups. Significantly (P<0.05) higher protease and amylase activities were found in T1 group. Aspartate transaminase (AST) and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) activities were recorded significantly (P<0.05) lowest in T1 group fed with 5% FPH. Similarly, lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and malate dehydrogenase (MDH) were significantly (P<0.05) lowest in T1. The superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase were recorded significantly (P<0.05) highest in T1 followed by T2. The overall findings suggested that dietary addition of 5% FPH found effective in enhancing survival by replacing 13% fish meal growth performance of C. magur advanced larvae.

Keywords: Fish protein hydrolysate, Growth, Larvae, Magur, Nutrition

*Corresponding author: sikendra@cife.edu.in

ABSTRACT

Choudhary, S., Chaudhary, L.C., Kala, A., Agarwal, N. and Rahman, H. 2022. Effect of dietary sulphur supplementation at graded levels on rumen feed fermentation and microbial profile in buffaloes. Animal Nutrition and Feed Technology, 22: 543-552.

The present study was undertaken to observe the effect of supplementation of graded levels of sulphur on in vivo feed fermentation in buffaloes. Four fistulated Murrah male buffaloes with an average body weight of 562±14.21 kg were used in 4x4 Latin square designs. The four treatments were, T1 fed on basal diet; T2, T3 and T4 fed basal diet supplemented with sulphur @ 0.08, 0.13 and 0.2%, resulting total sulphur intake 0.17, 0.25, 0.3 and 0.37% of DMI, in T1, T2, T3 and T4 groups, respectively. There was no impact of sulphur supplementation on daily dry matter intake, rumen microbial enzyme activities like carboxymethyl cellulase, xylanase and amylase, whereas, avicelase activity increased (P<0.05) with increase in sulphur level. The population density of methanogens and Ruminococcus flavefaciens remained unaffected but total bacteria, sulphate reducing bacteria, total fungi, Butyrivibrio fibrisolvens and protozoa increased significantly with sulphur supplementation. The concentration of TVFA and its fractions in the rumen liquor was similar in all the four groups, but ammonia nitrogen was (P<0.01) significantly high in T4 group as compared to rest of the three groups. The results indicated that dietary sulphur supplementation to buffaloes @ 0.2% of DMI had beneficial effect on rumen microbial profile and feed fermentation.

Keywords: Buffalo, Enzyme, Microbial profile, Rumen fermentation, Sulphur

*Corresponding author: lcchaudhary1@rediffmail.com

ABSTRACT

Jena, D., Sethy, K., Mishra, S.K., Swain, R.K., Behera, K. and Pati, S. 2022. Enhanced growth, immunity, antioxidants and bioavailability in broiler chickens supplemented with zinc oxide nano particles. Animal Nutrition and Feed Technology, 22: 553-562.

The present experiment was aimed to determine the effect of nano zinc requirement in Red Cornish birds on growth, blood chemistry, immunity, antioxidant status and zinc concentration in vital organs. Two hundred day-old Red Cornish broiler chicks were randomly distributed into five dietary treatments with four replicates of 10 chicks each. The treatments were: T1 (Control group): basal diet; T2: basal diet with 20 ppm of nano-Zn; T3: basal diet with 40 ppm of nano-Zn, T4: basal diet with 60 ppm of nano Zn, T5: basal diet with 80 ppm of nano-Zn. The experiment was carried out for 35 days in three phases: pre-starter phase (0-14 days), starter phase (15-21 days) and finisher phase (22-35 days) in deep litter system. The body weight and FCR of broiler chicken at 5th week were best observed in T4 and T5. The antibody titers against Ranikhet disease virus immunization and cutaneous basophilic hypersensitive response of 5th week broiler birds were significantly higher (P<0.05) in T3, T4 and T5. Erythrocytic catalase and superoxide dismutase activity were significantly (P<0.05) higher and lipid peroxidation values were significantly (P<0.05) lower in T4 and T5 than other nano-zinc treated groups at 5th week. The zinc levels in serum, liver, kidney and spleen were significantly (P<0.05) increased with increasing dietary nano Zn. It may be concluded that supplementation of nano-zinc@ 60 ppm over and above the basal level is sufficient to improve the body weight, immunity, antioxidant enzymes activity and zinc bioavailability in Red Cornish broiler birds.

Keywords: Antioxidants, Broilers, Growth, Immunity, Nano zinc

*Corresponding author: jenadeba1994@gmail.com

ABSTRACT

Tambe, M.B., Dutta, N., Singh, P., Wankhede, S.D., Aderao, G.N., Kaur, N., Jadhav, S.E., Pattanaik, A.K. and Verma, M.R. 2022. Effect of Moringa oleifera foliage supplementation on carcass characteristics and meat quality in growing kids. Animal Nutrition and Feed Technology, 22: 563-574.

The present study was conducted to ascertain the effect of moringa (Moringa oleifera) foliage supplementation on carcass characteristics and meat quality in goat kids. Rohilkhandi goat kids (18) of about 6-month-old were randomly divided in 3 groups consisting 6 kids each in CRD. In control group (CONT), kids were offered total mixed diet (TMD) containing concentrate mixture and wheat straw; whereas, kids in CTD and MTD groups were given TMDs containing cowpea (25%) and moringa foliage (25%), respectively. All the three diets were iso-nitrogenous. A feeding cum growth trial carried out for a period of 150 days. The carcass characteristics in terms of pre-slaughter weight, carcass weight, carcass length, debled weight, empty body weight and dressing percentage (DP) % were analogous among the treatments. The weights of visceral organs namely lung, heart, kidney and spleen were also similar amongst treatment groups. However, liver weight was significantly (P<0.05) lower in CONT than MTD and CTD groups. The weight of wholesale cuts viz. shoulder and leg were significantly (P<0.05) higher in MTD as compared CONT group. Among the meat colours, redness (a*) was significantly (P<0.01) higher in MTD group than CONT and CTD. The cooking loss and thiobarbituric acid reacting substances (TBARS) value of meat was significantly (P<0.05) lower in MTD as compared to CONT group. The organoleptic scores of various attributes namely, appearance, odour and overall acceptability were comparable among the groups. However, colour and texture scores were significantly (P<0.05) improved in MTD as compared to CONT group. Hence, it can be concluded that supplementation of moringa foliage in total mixed diet improves the meat quality in growing kids.

Keywords: Carcass characteristics, Foliage, Kid, Meat quality, Moringa

*Corresponding author: dutta65@gmail.com

ABSTRACT

Kumar, N., Rana, M., Singh, S. and Ahmed, S. 2022. Nutritional analysis of oat for food, feed and fodder quality traits under semi-arid Indian environment. Animal Nutrition and Feed Technology, 22: 575-588.

Eight popular oat varieties viz., JHO-822, JHO-851, JHO-99-1, JHO-99-2, JHO-2000-4, JHO2010-1, JHO-2009-1, JHO-2012-2, released from ICAR-IGFRI, Jhansi were evaluated and compared for forage and grain yield, milling recovery, nutritional value and grain physical properties in the present study. Plant samples analysed for crude protein (CP), neutral detergent fiber (NDF), acid detergent fiber (ADF), cellulose, lignin and in vitro dry matter digestibility were significantly (P<0.05) different among eight varieties. CP content in grain varied from 10.3 to 16.2 % with highest value in variety JHO-851 (15.8 %). Grains NDF, ADF and ether extract (EE), which are crucial determinants of digestibility and metabolizable energy of feed differed (P<0.05) among oat varieties. Grain milling traits have also shown significant variations, maximum groat recovery (68.59%) and minimum hull content (31.3 %) was obtained from JHO-2010-1, which can be potential oat cultivar amenable to milling. Green fodder yield (GFY) varied significantly across the studied varieties from 34.5 to 57.3 t/ha. JHO-2009-1 was found to be the best dual purpose oat variety based on GFY, seed yield and early maturity trait. Thus, varieties identified with higher values for desired traits can be utilized by specific clients to meet the fodder, nutritional and grain requirement in future oat breeding programs.

Keywords: Avena sativa, Milling, Nutrition, Quality, Yield

*Corresponding author: shahidjhs@rediffmail.com

ABSTRACT

Ozkan, U. and Demirbag, N.S. 2022. A new approach to measure herbage growth and determining botanical composition, live weight characteristics of geese grazing using different pasture mixtures. Animal Nutrition and Feed Technology, 22: 589-603.

Geese farming is becoming very popular globally in the past few decades. The effects of the pasture grazing by geese, using different pasture mixtures on herbage growth, botanical composition and their live weight characteristics is a new concept in arid agriculture of Turkey and was the scope of this research. Three different pasture mixtures (K1 : 40% smooth brome (Bromus inermis Leys) + 20% alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) + 40% bird’s-foot trefoil (Lotus corniculatus); K2 : 40% meadow fescue (Festuca pratensis) + 20% alfalfa + 40% bird’s-foot trefoil; K3 : 40% orchard grass (Dactylis glomerata L.) + 20% alfalfa + 40% bird’s-foot trefoil were prepared using 3 replications on 2000 m² land. Every artificial pasture on an area of 100 m² was harvested 6 times during a grazing season; where equally distributed 162 indigenous geese (Anser domesticus) were grazed in season. The pasture mixture (K1 ), with smooth brome, had the highest soil coverage (%), rhizomatous plant (%), scratching endurance (%), growth (%), live weight gain (g), percentages of 78.97%, 74.04%, 85.62%, 46.39%, 0.55 g, based on the values taken after every 15 days respectively. Similarly, the geese showed weight gain of 52.04 g/day. K2 mixture with meadow fescue had the highest herbage growth (2275.6 kg/ha), weeds (%) (3.50%). It was concluded that smooth brome and secondly meadow fescue artificial pastures could be preferably used for geese grazing.

Keywords: Artificial pasture, Cutting times, Herbage growth, Poultry, Soil covarage

*Corresponding author: ugurozkan@ankara.edu.tr

ABSTRACT

Prabu, D.L., Vijayagopal, P., Ebeneezar, S., Kalidas, C., Kavitha, M. and Ranjith, L. 2022. Effect of fishmeal replacement using cottonseed meal on growth, body indices and body composition of snubnose pompano, Trachinotus blochii. Animal Nutrition and Feed Technology, 22: 605-617.

An experiment was conducted to determine the effect of complete replacement of fishmeal using cottonseed meal fortified with lysine and methionine in the diet of snubnose pompano, Trachinotus blochii on growth, body indices and biochemical composition. A total of 180 Juveniles of snubnose pompano with the average weight of 12.5± 0.5 g were distributed in five treatments each with triplicates. Five isonitrogenous and isolipidic experimental feeds were formulated with 0, 8.7, 17.4, 26.0 and 34.7% of cottonseed meal to replace fishmeal protein (0, 25, 50, 75, and 100%) and fed to respective treatments (0CSM, 25CSM, 50CSM, 75CSM and 100CSM). There was significant difference (P<0.05) in daily growth co-efficient (DGC), thermal growth co-efficient (TGC), biomass gain (BG) and geometric mean body weight (WG) among the treatments. Feed intake (FI), feed gain ratio (FGR), protein retention efficiency (PRE) and energy retention efficiency (ERE) of fish from different treatments showed significant difference (P<0.05) and better responses were noticed in 0CSM group followed by 100CSM group. Higher viscera-somatic index was recorded in 50CSM group and gastro-somatic index was observed in 0CSM group. Better condition factor and hepatosomatic index were observed in 100, 75 and 0CSM. The relative feed cost of 100CSM diet was 10.08% lower than 0CSM diet. Better relative feed cost savings of 10.79% was witnessed in 100CSM. Fishmeal can be completely replaced using cottonseed meal with lysine and methionine supplementation in the diet of snubnose pompano without adverse effect on growth, body indices and biochemical composition with adequate savings of production cost.

Keywords: Body indices, Cottonseed meal, Economic appraisal, Fishmeal replacement, Snubnose pompano

*Corresponding author: growelprabu@gmail.com

ABSTRACT

Tewari, D., Chaturvedi, V.B. and Dutta, N. 2022. Lactation performance of cows fed ration containing corn substituted rice bran crude lecithin. Animal Nutrition and Feed Technology, 22: 619-626.

The present study was conducted to evaluate the effect of rice bran crude lecithin (RBCL) on milk yield, haemato-biochemical, reproductive and productive performance of dairy cows. Twelve lactating cows were randomly divided into two dietary groups (RBCL-0 and RBCL-6). In group RBCL-0 (control) cows were fed dairy concentrate mixture (CM1), while in RBCL-6 (supplemented) group the cows were fed concentrate mixture (CM2) with 6% RBCL along with napier grass and wheat straw as roughage. The nutrient intake was analogous between dietary treatment groups. The total milk yield, daily milk yield, fat corrected milk and energy corrected milk was significantly (P<0.05) higher in RBCL-6 as compared to RBCL-0 cows. The milk composition was also found to be comparable between dietary groups, however, fat yield was appreciably (P<0.05) higher in RBCL-6 as compared to RBCL-0 cows. The milk composition was also found to be comparable between dietary groups, however, fat yield was appreciably (P<0.05) higher in RBCL supplemented cows as compared to non-supplemented cows. Hence, it can be concluded that supplementation of 6% RBCL in concentrate mixture through corn replacement improved the lactation and reproductive performance of lactating cows.

Keywords: Economics, Haemato-biochemical, Milk constituents, Reproduction

*Corresponding author: dharmesh.tewari@rediffmail.com

ABSTRACT

Daylami, M.K., Tabrizi, H.M. and Ankas, M.R. 2022. Effect of different levels and sources of copper on growth performance, intestinal microbiota, immunity and tibial bone minerals in broiler chickens. Animal Nutrition and Feed Technology, 22: 627-640.

This study was carried out with 600 one-day-old broiler chicks, which were used in a completely randomized design with 4×3 factorial arrangements. Factors include 4 levels (0, 10, 20 and 30 mg/kg) of copper (Cu) and 3 sources of Cu (Cu oxide, Cu oxide nanoparticles and Cu sulfate). Performance, immune responses and intestinal microbe population were studied. Broilers that received Cu nanoparticles had lower feed intake compare to Cu oxide and sulfate during 1 to 28 d (P<0.05) Effect of source of Cu on body weight gain during 1 to 28 d and 1 to 42 d was significant (P<0.01); and broilers that received Cu sulfate had highest body weight gain compared to other sources (P<0.05). Copper source significantly affected (P<0.01) the serum cholesterol concentration which decreased significantly (P<0.05) in broilers fed nano source compared to other sources. Coliforms population significantly (P<0.01) in broilers fed nano source compared to other sources. Coliforms population significantly (P<0.05). It could be demonstrated that, sources of Cu significantly affect the feed intake, serum cholesterol concentration as well as body weight gain in broilers. Increasing levels of Cu in diet improved the feed intake and reduced Coliforms count in the small intestine.

Keywords: Broilers, Coliforms, Copper, Immune, Microbiota, Nanoparticles

*Corresponding author: h.r.mohammadian@iauc.ac.ir

ABSTRACT

Ali, M., Dixit, A.K., Manes, G.S., Modi, R.U., Singh, A. and Mahal, A.K. 2022. Evaluation of an integral dust separation system-based wheat straw combine for improvement in animal feed quality. Animal Nutrition and Feed Technology, 22: 641-652.

In the northern states of India, wheat straw is the main feed source for milch animals. It has huge demand and economic value but suffers from poor quality, especially from dust. Excessive dirt in the feed may lower feed intake and disrupt digestion in milch animals. A tractor operated wheat straw combine developed with an integral dust separation system (PAU design) was evaluated to improve straw quality. Since, combine speed and clod trapping mechanism affect straw quality in the field, the independent parameters were: three tractor forward speeds (2.0, 2.5, and 3.0 km/h), two openings of clod trapper mechanism (32.5 and 25.0 mm) and two wheat varieties (HD 3086 and HD 2967). Better quality of feed straw was obtained at a forward speed of 2.0 km/h and at clod trapping mechanism opening of 32.5 mm in terms of minimum ash content (8.82 and 8.89%), minimum acid insoluble ash (4.98 and 5.01%), minimum dust concentration (6.64 and 6.67%), minimum fuel consumption (6.20 and 6.25 l/h) and desired range of straw size (19.71 and 18.20 mm) for HD 3086 and HD 2967, respectively. At a forwarding speed of 2.0 km/h, field capacity of wheat straw combine having developed integral dust separation system was 0.36 ha/has compared with 0.34 ha/h for commercial wheat straw combine. The ash content, acid insoluble ash, dust concentration and straw size of bruised straw obtained from straw combine with integral dust separation system were 4.68, 1.72, 4.61 and 20.86%, respectively lesser as compared to straw obtained from the commercial straw combine. Results indicate that the developed technology has the potential to improve quality of wheat straw as feed for milch animals and will help in reducing dust and entrainment of other undesirable material in the animal feed.

Keywords: Advanced machinery, Dust separation system, Quality animal feed, Straw combine

*Corresponding author: mudasir-fmpe@pau.edu

ABSTRACT

Park, B.K., Ahn, J.S., Kim, M.J., Son, G.H. and Shin, J.S. 2022. Effect of physiological and dietary nutritional conditions on serum biochemicals in Hanwoo cows. Animal Nutrition and Feed Technology, 22: 653-663.

This study was conducted to investigate the effect of physiological and dietary nutritional conditions on serum biochemicals in Hanwoo cows. A total of 458 Hanwoo cows were used as experimental animals. The study was carried out under four conditions: parity (Heifer, Parity 1, Parity 2, Parity 3, and > Parity 4) for 1 month, feeding type (concentrate feed + rice straw and total mixed ration [TMR]) for 3 months, dietary energy level (80%, 100%, and 120%) for 3 months, and pregnancy (pregnant and non-pregnant) for 1 months. The concentration of serum glucose was higher in the concentrate feed group than in the TMR group (P<0.01). Concentration of non-esterified fatty acids (NEFA, P<0.03) and blood urea nitrogen (BUN, P<0.01) increased in the TMR group compared to the concentrate feed group. Serum glucose concentration decreased at finishing period (3rd month) with increasing feed energy level (P<0.05); however, serum BUN (P<0.03) and cholesterol (P<0.02) concentration increased with increasing energy level. The effect of pregnancy on the overall serum chemicals was not significant. As a result of this study, feeding type and dietary energy level significantly influenced serum glucose, NEFA, BUN, and cholesterol concentration in Hanwoo cows, whereas, parity or pregnancy had no influence. Therefore, the levels of glucose, NEFA, BUN, and cholesterol in serum can be used as important indicators to evaluate the nutritional status of cows.

Keywords: Energy level, Feeding type, Hanwoo cows, Parity, Pregnancy

*Corresponding author: jsshin@kangwon.ac.kr

ABSTRACT

Sampath, V., Han, K. and Kim, I.H. 2022. Impact of artificial colostrum supplement on the growth performance and blood profile in piglets. Animal Nutrition and Feed Technology, 22: 665-671.

The study aims to examine the effect of artificial colostrum (AC) supplement on growth performance and blood profiles of piglets. A total of 15 multiparous sows (Landrace ×Yorkshire) and their 193 progenies (initial body weight 1.38 kg) were used in a sixty-three-days trial. The designated nutritional supplements were: CON: fed only sow milk (SM), TRT1: SM+AC (once a day), and TRT2: SM+AC (twice a day) offered to piglets, while sows were fed with commercial gestation and lactation diets. TRT2 group piglets showed a tendency to linearly increased body weight at week 1 (P=0.063), weaning (P=0.001), and the end of the experiment (P=0.024). Moreover, the average daily gain was linearly increased in TRT2 group at week1, weaning, and the overall trial period (P=0.006, 0.005, and 0.022, respectively). In addition, piglets nourished AM twice a day along with SM showed higher lymphocyte count and IgG concentration at week 1 and at weaning (P=0.020, 0.055, and 0.014, 0.017, respectively). In summary, we infer that the providing artificial colostrum to piglets twice a day along with SM would be beneficial to enhance their performance at post weaning stage.

Keywords: Artificial milk, Growth performance, Immunoglobulin, Piglets

*Corresponding author: inhokim@dankook.ac.kr

ABSTRACT

Malik, S.I., Asimi, O.A., Khan, I.A., Ashwani, K., Shah, F.A., Bhat, B.A. and Bhat, F.A. 2022. Aquatic weed supplementation for common carp (Cyrinuscarpio Var. Communis) fingerlings to ascertain growth and survival. Animal Nutrition and Feed Technology, 22: 673-678.

Aquatic weeds namely hornwort (Ceratophyllum demersum), longleaf pondweed (Potamogeton nodosus) and fringed water lily (Nymphoides peltata) were analyzed for proximate composition. Crude protein (%) in N. peltata was (25%) comparatively higher than P. nodosus (22.57%) and C. demersum (24.15%). Similarly, the percentage dry matter was high in N. peltata (93.60%) as compared to P. nodosus (91.50%) and C. demersum (90.46%). Four isonitrogenous (CP:35%) and isocaloric (3500 kcal/kg) diets were formulated and N. peltata was added @ 0% (control) 15% (T1), 30% (T2) and 45% (T3). Fish with an average weight (8.95±1.1 g.) were fed diets at 5% body weight for 8 weeks. The fishes of T3 group had higher (P< 0.05) weight gain and specific growth rate as compared to the control group. Feed conversion ratio (FCR) decreased (P<0.05) n fish fed T3 diet. Highest survival rate was observed in control group. It can be concluded that N. peltata up to 45% in the diet of common carp, improved growth performance.

Keywords: Aquatic weed, Common carp, Fishmeal, Nymphoids peltata

*Corresponding author: oysasmi@skuastkashmir.ac.in

ANFT MAY 2022

ABSTRACT

Asare, E., Zhou, H.B., Cai, Q.H., Yang, H.M., Yang, Z. and Wang, Z.Y. 2022. Effect of dietary exogenous pancreatin supplementation on growth performance, serum parameters, carcass characteristics and nutrient digestibility in cockerels. Animal Nutrition and Feed Technology, 22: 229-243.

A 70-d trial was conducted using a total of 480-day-old Hy-line Silver-Brown cockerels (39.58±0.24g) to investigate the effects of corn-soybean meal diet supplemented with exogenous pancreatin on the growth performance, viscera index, serum biochemical parameters, carcass characteristics, and nutrient digestibility in cockerels. A completely randomized design with 5 treatments and 6 replicates, 16 birds/ pen was used. Treatment diets included a control: basal diet (BD) with 4 other treatments supplemented with pancreatin at 250, 500, 750 and 1000g/t on BD. Results showed that pancreatin supplemented linearly improved (P<0.05) the weight gain and decreased feed efficiency at the starter phase. Pancreatin supplementation negatively reduced the fecal crude protein and ether extract at 70d. An increase (P=0.042) in gizzard weight was observed on 250g /t supplement at 42d, whereas birds receiving 500g /t diets increased (P<0.05) liver, spleen, intestinal and pancreas weight at 70d. An increase (P<0.05) in breast meat and eviscerated rate was observed on 1000g/t diet. Serum total protein, albumin, alanine aminotransferase, albumin globulin ratio, urea acid, and high-density lipoprotein at 42d and urea acid, alanine, aspartate aminotransferase, high-density lipoprotein and phosphorus at 70d were all significantly affected by pancreatin supplementation. These data suggest that pancreatin supplementation to poultry diets could improve the growth, influence the development of viscera organs, carcass characteristics and serum metabolites in broiler chickens.

Keywords: Cockerels, Corn-soybean based, Growth performance, Pancreatin

*Corresponding author: zhiyang@yzu.edu.cn

ABSTRACT

Djordjeviae, J., Baltiae, B., Glisiae, M., Boskoviae, M., Sefer, D., Raduloviae, S., Radovanoviae, A., Periae, D., Peuraea, M. and Markoviae, R. 2022. Advantages of sodium butyrate in weaned piglet diet. Animal Nutrition and Feed Technology, 22: 245-259.

The aim was to examine production performance, carcass characteristics, and intestinal histomorphology of weaned piglets (28-to 54-day-old) fed diet with 3 or 5 g of sodium butyrate per kg of diet (group II and III). Groups II and III had higher final live weight and total weight gain. The feed to gain ratio was the best in group I. The highest carcass yield was of group III. Significant differences (P<0.05) were observed in Escherischia coli counts in small intestine between control (I) and experimental groups (II and III), and in cecum between control (I) and experimental group II. There were significant differences (P<0.05) between all groups for the intestine length, intestine weight, and both height and width of the ileal villus. The highest villus height/crypt depth ratio of jejunum occurred in group II piglets, while the highest villus height/crypt depth ratio of ileum was in piglets from group III. The significant correlations were determined between amount of sodium butyrate and final live weight, intestinal length, intestinal weight, jejunal and ileal crypt depth, and ileal villus widths.

Keywords: Carcass characteristics, Intestinal histomorphology, Intestine length, Intestine weight, Piglet performance

*Corresponding author: djordjevic@vet.bg.ac.rs

ABSTRACT

Vaswani, S., Kumar, V., Anand, M., Kumar, M., Kushwaha, R., Kumar, A., Saxena, A., Gupta, P.K. and Kumar, S. 2022. Effect of Tinospora cordifolia as phytogenic feed additive on performance parameters of Sahiwal heifers. Animal Nutrition and Feed Technology, 22: 261-275.

Tinospora cordifolia stem powder (TCSP) is well known for its hepatoprotective, antioxidant and immunomodulatory properties and it could be used as a phytogenic feed additive to enhance the production and health response of ruminants. The study was conducted to determine the effects of TCSP supplementation on growth, blood biochemicals, immunity, antioxidant and endocrine parameters of growing Sahiwal heifers. Eighteen growing Sahiwal heifers were randomly allocated into three groups on body weight and age basis. Feeding regimen was similar in all the groups except that treatment groups were supplemented with 0.0 (CON), 0.5 (T1), and 1.0 (T2) percent of dry matter intake (DMI), TCSP in three respective groups, for 90 days period. Dietary supplementation of TCSP at different levels did not show any significant (P>0.05) effect on DMI, average daily gain, and feed conversion efficiency of growing heifers. Total cholesterol and triglycerides level were significantly lower (P<0.05) in the T2 group. SOD was significantly higher (P<0.001) whereas, LPO decreased linearly (P<0.05) in T2 group. Plasma total antioxidant status (TAS) also increased linearly (P<0.05) in T2 group. IgG levels increased linearly (P<0.001) in the T2 group; however, total Ig was significantly (P<0.05) higher in the treatment groups. No effect on the concentration of plasma IGF-1, T3 and T4 was reported. Hence, TCSP at a 1.0% level of inclusion could be used as a phytogenic feed additive to boost the health status in terms of improved immunity and antioxidant response in Sahiwal heifers.

Keywords: Antioxidant, Immunomodulatory, Phytogenic feed additive, Sahiwal, Tinospora cordifolia

*Corresponding author: shalinee.gautam@gmail.com

ABSTRACT

Soni, P.K., Chaudhary, L.C., Kala, A., Rahman, H. and Agarwal, P. 2022. In vitro feed fermentation with the rumen liquor of buffaloes fed on diet supplemented with phyto-feed additives. Animal Nutrition and Feed Technology, 22: 277-286.

A study on in vitro feed fermentation with the rumen liquor of the buffaloes (12-15 months of age with average body weight 164±4.0kg) supplemented phyto-feed additives (FAs) was conducted to evaluate the long term feeding of the additives for its sustainability of inhibiting methane production. Monthly (for 6 months) in vitro experiments were performed using the rumen liquor of buffalo calves fed on diet supplemented with no additive (T0 control), with FA I (blend of garlic bulb, ajwain seed, harad seed pulp and soapnut berries mixed in 1:1:1:1 ratio) @ 1% of DMI (T1), with FA II (ajwain oil) @ 1ml of per kg dry matter intake (T2) and with FA I and FA II switched alternatively after every 15 days (T3). There was reduction (P<0.05) in total gas and methane production irrespective of the period and this inhibition was maximum (22.2 and 46.56 percent) with the rumen liquor of T3 group. There were no effects of feed additives on in vitro true digestibility, total volatile fatty acids and molar proportion of acetate, propionate, butyrate, A:P ratio and ammonia-N at any period. However, significant increase was noticed in partitioning factor in T3 treatment. Alternate supplementation of the two feed additives had no additional advantage. Further, the results revealed that the feed additives did not lose their anti-methanogenic characteristic as there was methane inhibition till the end of the experiment.

Keywords: Ajwain oil, Buffalo calves, Garlic, Harad, Methane, Phyto-feed additives, Soapnut

*Corresponding author: lcchaudhary1@rediffmail.com

ABSTRACT

Morkhade, S.J., Deshpande, K.Y., Thakare, S.O., Mandale, N.R. and Badukale, D.M. 2022. Influence of dietary sodium butyrate supplementation on performance, nutrient digestibility and economics of broiler chicken. Animal Nutrition and Feed Technology, 22: 287-296.

A feeding trial (42 days) was conducted to assess the influence of dietary sodium butyrate supplementation on performance, nutrient digestibility and economics of broiler chicken. Two hundred forty straight run commercial broiler chicks were distributed in four groups with 4 replicates of 15 chicks following completely randomized design. The groups consisted of a control fed the basal diet (SB0 ); other groups were fed basal diet supplemented with three levels each of sodium butyrate (SB) at 0.05 (SB0.05), 0.1 (SB0.1) and 0.15 (SB0.15) percent. The cumulative feed intake (g) was comparable (P>0.05) among the treatment groups up to 21 days age. However, the cumulative feed intake (g) from 22 to 42 days and for overall period was significantly reduced (P<0.05) in SB0.1 group than SB0 and SB0.05; whereas the intake in SB0.15 remained comparable. The cumulative body weights (g) were comparable (P> 0.05) among treatment groups during 4-6 weeks and for overall period. The cumulative feed conversion ratio (FCR) of experimental groups remained comparable (P>0.05) on the first 21 days. However, during 4- 6 weeks and overall FCR was significantly improved (P<0.05) in SB0.1 than SB0 . Except for CP, the digestibility (%) for other nutrients remained comparable (P> 0.05). A significant betterment (P<0.05) in CP digestibility (%) in SB supplemented groups was recorded than control. Economic returns were found to be better in group supplemented with SB0.1 than the respective levels of SB. Hence, it is concluded that dietary supplementation of sodium butyrate at 0.1% level positively modified growth performance, protein digestibility and economic returns in broiler chicken.

Keywords: Broiler chicken, Feed intake, Growth performance, Nutrient digestibility, Sodium butyrate

*Corresponding author: kuldeepydeshpande@gmail.com

ABSTRACT

Jedidi, S., Selmi, H., Aloui, F., Dhifallah, A., Sammeri, H., Abbes, C. and Sebai, H. 2022. Antioxidant and antibacterial properties of salvia officinalis essential oils and their effects on in vitro feed fermentation with goat rumen liquor. Animal Nutrition and Feed Technology, 22: 297-310.

The aim of this study was to investigate the chemical composition, the antioxidant and antibacterial capacities of Salvia officinalis essential oils (SOEO) as well as its effects on in vitro rumen fermentation of oat hay and methane emission using goat rumen liquor. Essential oils samples were obtained from the aerial parts of the plant and analyzed by GC-MS. The kinetics of gas production from oat hay powder containing different doses of SOEO (0, 10, 20, 40, 60 and 80 µg/mL) was conducted. A total of 29 compounds in SOEO were identified and the principal were: eucalyptol (21.08 %), bicyclo hexan-3-one (16.53 %) and β-pinene (11.28 %). In addition, 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) test showed that SOEO had antioxidant capacity. The SOEO had a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity against the bacteria tested. In the present study, inclusion of SOEO at 10 µg/mL level had positive effects on in vitro OMD, ME and VFA production. However, the production of methane (CH4 ) decreased in a dosedependent manner at, the doses higher than 10 µg/mL. These findings suggested that SOEO had antioxidant and antibacterial activity and can be explored as antimethanogenic agent to control the methane production from enteric fermentation.

Keywords: Antibacterial, Antioxidant, Essential oils, Goats, Methane, Ruminal fermentation, Salvia officinalis

*Corresponding author: sebaihichem@yahoo.fr

ABSTRACT

Ahmad, S., Kamran, Z., Ahsan-ul-Haq, Yousaf, M., Ali, S., Atta-ur-Rehman, Ahmed, I., Ahmad, H.I. and Koutoulis, K.C. 2022. Effect of feeding linseed oil and vitamin A on production performance, egg characteristics and egg yolk fatty acids in laying hens under sub-tropical conditions. Animal Nutrition and Feed Technology, 22: 311-324.

In the present study, linseed oil and vitamin A were fed to the laying hens during hot summer months to produce n-3 PUFA-enriched eggs. Two hundred and forty White Leghorn hens were randomly divided into 24 replicates and fed diets, for 12 weeks,2 with 0, 2, 3, or 4% linseed oil in combination with 3000 or 10000 IU vitamin A/kg. The results revealed that the supplementation of linseed oil and vitamin A to the diets did not affect (P>0.05) the production performance and egg characteristics in laying hens. However, body weight and feed intake were decreased (P<0.05) with the increase in dietary linseed oil levels. The serum total cholesterol, triglycerides, blood glucose, egg cholesterol and triglycerides levels were similar (P> 0.05) for all dietary treatment groups. However, serum HDL-cholesterol was increased while LDL-cholesterol was decreased in laying hens with the increase in dietary linseed oil supplementation. The total n-6 PUFA and n-6/n-3 PUFA ratio were decreased while the n-3 PUFA were increased linearly (P<0.001) in the egg-yolks by increasing dietary linseed oil level. Vitamin A did not influence (P> 0.05) the egg-yolk fatty acid contents. It might be concluded that, the supplementation of linseed oil to the laying hens kept at high environmental temperature is beneficial for the production of n-3 PUFA-enriched eggs without any considerable effects on production performance.

Keywords: Egg quality, Layers, Linseed oil, Performance, Vitamin A

*Corresponding author: drshakeel@iub.edu.pk

ABSTRACT

Dutta, N., Kaur, N., Jadhav, S.E., Pattanaik, A.K. and Verma, M.R. 2022. Effect of customized mineral supplement on serum mineral profile, immunity, milk yield and reproductive performance of crossbred cattle. Animal Nutrition and Feed Technology, 22: 325-335.

This study was carried out to ascertain the effect of customized mineral supplement on the production and reproduction performance of crossbred cattle. Twenty-three lactating cows (about 30-60d post calving) at city gaushala, Bareilly, were selected for the on-farm trial. The concentrate mixture was fortified with customized mineral supplement @ 2 kg per 100 kg concentrate.The amount of concentrate mixture and basal roughages (wheat/paddy straw) were provided as per the gaushala practices. The on-farm trial continued for 60 days during which daily milk yield and milk composition were measured. In another experiment problematic cows and heifers (n=35) at city gaushala, Bareilly, were selected to assess the efficacy of customized supplement on the reproductive performance for 90 days duration. Daily milk yield, 4 % FCM and ECM and total milk yield (kg) during 60 days of lactation period did not differ significantly (P>0.05) subsequent customized mineral supplementation, however, an improvement of 11.24 % was observed in daily milk yield. The milk composition, daily fat and protein yield were parallel. Supplementation of customized mineral supplement substantially improved the conception rate in heifers and cows. The animals exhibited oestrus (heat) following 63.7±6.46 days of feeding and were inseminate, however, 20% of the animals did not show any symptom of heat. The mean body condition score (BCS) values were found to be significantly (P<0.01) higher after 30 days feeding. The serum Ca, i-P, Zn, Cu and Mn levels were significantly (P<0.01) increased following mineral supplementation. The lymphocyte proliferation induced by PHAp (CMI) assessed in terms of stimulation index (SI) was significantly (P<0.01) higher post mineral supplementation. It may be deduced that customized mineral supplement apparently improved the productive and reproductive performance of crossbred cattle.

Keywords: Cows, Customized mineral, Milk yield, Reproduction, Serum minerals, Supplementation

*Corresponding author: dutta65@gmail.com

ABSTRACT

Wani, M.A., Tyagi, P.K., Adil, S., Mir, N.A. and Sheikh, S.A. 2022. Effect of feeding rice gluten meal as alternate protein source on carcass traits, haematology, serum biochemical parameters and cost economics in broiler chicken. Animal Nutrition and Feed Technology, 22: 337-352.

The rise in the cost of conventional (maize and soybean) feed sources due to less production and competition for humans has become a constraint in economical poultry production. There is a need to explore alternative feed sources to reduce the cost and make poultry a profitable enterprise. The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of feeding rice gluten meal on carcass traits, serum biochemical parameters, gut health and cost economics in broiler chicken. Three hundred twenty day-old CARIBRO Vishal variety of broiler chicks were randomly divided into eight treatment groups with five replicates of eight birds in each, to evaluate four dietary levels (0, 150, 175, and 200g/kg diet) of rice gluten meal (RGM) with and without protease enzyme in a 42-day feeding trial. The results revealed no significant difference in carcass traits and small intestine measurements on feeding RGM either alone or with protease enzyme supplementation. No significant difference was found in haematology and gut heath microbiology. Among the serum biochemical parameters, albumin and AST were significantly (P<0.01) decreased as the level of rice gluten meal was increased in the diet. Moreover, the cost of meat production was found significantly lower in treatment groups as compared to control with no significant effect of protease enzyme supplementation. Hence, it can be concluded that incorporation of RGM up to 20% level was found economical without affecting the carcass traits, haematology, gut health and most of the serum biochemical parameters in broiler chicken.

Keywords: Biochemistry, Broiler, Carcass traits, Economics, Haematology, Rice gluten meal

*Corresponding author: aadilsheikh5@gmail.com

ABSTRACT

Dutta, T.K., Bandil, K., Chatterjee, A., Bhakat, C., Mandal, D.K. and Rai, S. 2022. In-vitro and invivo evaluation of different leguminous straw based rations on fermentation metabolites, growth and nutrient utilization in Barbari kids. Animal Nutrition and Feed Technology, 22: 353-365.

Present study evaluated three legume straw (cowpea-Vigna unguiculata, cluster bean-Cymopsis tetragonoloba and dolichos-Lablab purpureus) based rations on in vitro and in vivo rumen fermentation, voluntary intake, nutrients utilization and growth performance in weaned Barbari kids. The three substrates (T1 , T2 and T3 ) were prepared in the form of total mixed rations (TMR) containing any one of the straws @ 40%, concentrate mixture 40% (CP 14.5%, TDN 73.2%) and cowpea green fodder 20% (DM basis) and incubated for 48h at 39o C using PC based Biofermentor as rumen simulator. Eighteen Barbari kids (75 days, 6.84±0.05 kg BW) were randomly divided into three equal groups comprising 3 male, 3 female kids in each group. Kids were fed either cowpea (G1 ), cluster bean (G2 ) or dolichos (G3 ) straw ad libitum along with concentrate mixture @ 2% of the body weight and limited quantity of available green fodder (300-500 g/kid/d). In vitro degradabilities of DM, OM and CP were similar among three substrates. Total VFAs, total-N and NH3 -N in the incubation medium were greater (P<0.01) in T2 than other two substrates (T1 and T3 ). The DM, TDN and DCP intakes per kg W0.75 were similar among three treatments. CPI (g) /kg W0.75 was higher (P<0.01) in G1 as compared to other groups. The average daily gain (ADG) and FCR (kg DMI/kg gain) were also similar among all the groups. Although, there were some variations among three straws in respect of fermentation metabolites under simulated in vitro system but these straws behaved similarly with appreciable intake of nutrients and growth rate in weaned Barbari kids. Hence, anyone of the tested legume straws could be used as a basal dry roughage source for maintenance and growth of early growing kids.

Keywords: Fermentation, Growth, Intake, In vitro, Kids, Legume straw.

*Corresponding author: dutta@icar.gov.in

ABSTRACT

Saharan, V., Pathak, A.K., Sharma, R.K., Sharma, N., Sarma, K. and Kumar, H. 2022. Influence of Psidium guajava leaf meal supplementation on growth performance, nutrient utilization, intestinal micrometry, caecal fermentative metabolites and microbiota of broiler chickens. Animal Nutrition and Feed Technology, 22: 367-381.

Present study was conducted to assess the effect of condensed tannins (CT) containing Psidium guajava leaf meal (PGLM) supplementation on growth performance, nutrient utilization, intestinal micrometry, caecal fermentative metabolites and microbiota of broiler chickens. Total 240 day-old broiler chicks were randomly allocated into 4 dietary treatments (T0 , T1 , T2 and T3 ), with 4 replicates of 15 chicks in each pen in a completely randomized block design for a period of 42 days. Chicks were fed basal diets supplemented with PGLM at the rate of 15, 25 and 35 g/kg, respectively in T1 , T2 and T3 groups, while, T0 group fed only basal diet. Growth performance parameters viz. feed (g) and water (ml) intakes, and weight gains (g) were significantly (P<0.05) higher in supplemented groups as compared to control. The PGLM supplementation significantly improved feed conversion ratio (FCR). Nutrients intake, digestibility and their retention were statistically similar among treatment groups, except intake and digestibility of CF. Intake of CF was significantly (P<0.05) higher in T2 and T3 as compared to T0 and T1 , whereas, CF digestibility found to be lowest in T2 and T3 and highest in T0 . Though, PGLM supplementation significantly (P<0.001) reduced E. coli, Clostridia counts, pH and ammonia (NH3 ) levels and significantly (P<0.001) increased Bifidobacteria and Lactobacilli (log CFU/ g) counts in the caecal contents. The PGLM supplementation significantly improved intestinal micrometry (villus height and crypt depth) and gut health. It may be concluded that PGLM supplementation (up to 25 g/kg) in the diet of broiler chicken is a natural alternative growth promoter, modulator of intestinal micrometry and beneficial micro-flora, without affecting nutrients utilization.

Keywords: Broilers, Gut morphology, Microbial balance, Nutrient digestibility, Psidium guajava.

*Corresponding author: drakp_74@rediffmail.com

ABSTRACT

Lim, C.I., Park, J.H. and Ryu, K.S. 2022. Dietary excess supplementation of limiting amino acids promotes growth performance in broiler chickens through GH and IGF-I. Animal Nutrition and Feed Technology, 22: 383-397.

The aim of this study was to determine the effects of dietary levels of methionine (Met) and lysine (Lys) on growth, carcass traits, breast meat quality, serum parameters and immunity of broiler chickens. A total of 540 one-day-old broiler chicks were distributed to 6 dietary treatments with 6 replicates of 15 birds in each in a 2×3 factorial approach which consisted of two Met and three Lys levels. The body weight gain (BWG) was increased with the main effect of high Met levels during pre-starter, starter and overall period. In Lys effect, BWG had a tendency to increase during the grower (P<0.09) and overall period (P<0.07). Spleen weight was higher (P<0.01) in high levels of Met, and high Met group has more spleen and thymus weight. Breast meat yield and spleen weight was found higher due to high Lys. Significantly higher pH and redness of breast meat was recorded for the sole effect of Lys levels. Serum glucose was found higher in high levels of Lys with no affect in Met added group. Serum GH and IGFI levels were found higher (P<0.01) as the main effect of high Met levels as well as IGF-I concentration increased (P<0.01) in serum of chickens fed with the interaction of high density Met and Lys diets as compared to those fed with other diets. The current study suggest, that additional Met and Lys in diet of the current practices may improve body weight which may be due to the stimulation of GH and IGF- 1growth factor.

Keywords: Broiler chicken, Growth hormone, Insulin-like growth factor-I, Lysine, Methionine, Performance

*Corresponding author: seon@jbnu.ac.kr

ABSTRACT

Mohanty, P., Mohanty, S., Sahoo, L., Swain, P. and Das, K.C. 2022. Effect of feeding solid state fermented mahua oil cake (Bassia latifolia) on growth performance, enzymatic and immunological parameters in rohu (Labeo rohita). Animal Nutrition and Feed Technology, 22: 399-409.

Solid-state fermentation of mahua oil cake (Bassia latifolia) was carried out by yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae and then it was incorporated as feed ingredient for production of fish feed for rohu (Labeo rohita). To evaluate the solid-state fermented mahua oil cake as feed ingredient in rohu, two types of fish feeds were produced i.e. a control feed using raw mahua oil cake and treatment feed using solid-state fermented mahua oil cake. A feeding trial of 60 days’ duration was conducted to know the effect of feeding fish with fermented mahua oil cake during which growth performance, digestibility of nutrients, intestinal enzyme activity and non-specific immune parameter of fish fed on fermented mahua oil cake. Solid-state fermentation of mahua oil cake by yeast improved the quality of mahua oil cake by increase in crude protein (CP), decrease in crude fibre (CF) and anti-nutritional factors like saponin and tannin. Use of fermented mahua oil cake as feed ingredient in rohu resulted in significant improvement (P<0.05) of growth performance and digestibility of nutrients (dry matter, crude protein, crude fibre and ether extract) compared to control fed with raw mahua oil cake. Similarly, significantly higher (P<0.05) intestinal enzyme activity like amylase and protease and non-specific immune parameters like lysozyme, myeloperoxidase, bacterial agglutination, hem-agglutination and respiratory bust activity (P<0.05) were recorded in fish fed on fermented mahua oil cake compared to fish fed on raw mahua oil cake. This showed that, feeding of solid state fermented mahua oil cake increased the growth performance, enzyme activity and immunological parameters in rohu compared to mahua oil cake without solid state fermentation.

Keywords: Growth performance, Immune response, Mahua oil cake, Rohu, Solid-state fermentation

*Corresponding author: kcdasicar@gmail.com

ABSTRACT

Bhinda, R., Choudhary, J.L., Jat, J.R. and Muwal, H. 2022. Effect of shatavari (Asparagus racemosus) supplementation on intake, digestibility, growth and reproductive performance of crossbred heifers. Animal Nutrition and Feed Technology, 22: 411-418.

A study was conducted to evaluate the effect of Shatavari (Asparagus racemosus) supplementation on intake and digestibility of nutrients, growth and reproductive performance in crossbred heifers. Fifteen crossbred heifers were randomly divided into 3 groups 5 animals each T1 (control), T2 and T3 (treatment) in completely randomized design. In T1 no Shatavari was supplemented while in T2 and T3 Shatavari was supplemented @ 150 mg and 200 mg /kg body weight, respectively. The experimental feeding was done for a period of 90 days. A digestion trial of seven days duration was conducted at 45 days post feeding trail to determine intake and digestibility of nutrients. The daily DM intake was significantly (p<0.05) higher in both shatavari supplemented groups as compared to control group. The intake of CP and digestible CP was significantly (p<0.05) higher in T3 group compared to control group whereas, TDN intake was comparable among 3 groups. The digestibility (%) of DM, OM and NFE did not differ among all 3 groups, while digestibility (%) of CP, CF and EE was significantly higher (p<0.05) in T3 group compared to control group. The average daily gain (g) was highest in T3 followed by T2 and T1 groups. The average age at first service in crossbred heifers was significantly (P≤0.05) lower in T3 as compared to T1. It was concluded that Shatavari (Asparagus racemosus) supplementation (200 mg /kg body weight) in the diet of crossbred heifers significantly improved intake and digestibility of nutrients, growth and reproductive performance.

Keywords: Digestibility, Heifer, Nutrient intake, Shatavari

*Corresponding author: jrbagariya@gmail.com

ABSTRACT

Ruby, P., Ahilan, B., Antony, C., Manikandavelu, D., Moses, Samuel, T.L.S. and Selvaraj, S. 2022. Effect of dietary supplementation of astaxanthin and beta-carotene on colouration, growth and survival in pearlspot (Etroplus suratensis) fingerlings under controlled conditions. Animal Nutrition and Feed Technology, 22: 419-432.

The pearlspot (Etroplus suratensis) is dull greenish black color in and less attractive cichlid fish to the customer. The present study investigated the effects of different concentration of astaxanthin and beta-carotene incorporated feeds on pigmentation of E. suratensis skin and flesh. Seven carotenoid content incorporated diets were formulated at different concentrations of axtaxanthin (100 ppm, 200 ppm and 300 ppm) and beta-carotene (30 ppm,40 ppm and 50 ppm). During the experimental period (60 days), the fishes were fed at the rate of 5% of body weight per day. The highest mean weight gain was observed in fishes fed with 300 ppm of astaxanthin (24.06±0.01 g) and 50ppm of beta-carotene (21.56±0.01 g), compared to other treatments and control. Significant improvement in the growth parameters were recorded in the experimental fishes than control. The highest carotenoid content was found in fishes fed with 300 ppm of astaxanthin and 50 ppm of beta-carotene compared to other treatments and control. There was no significant difference (P>0.05) in the growth performance of fishes by dietary carotenoid supplementation. However, significant (P<0.05) difference was observed in the flesh and skin of fishes fed with 300 ppm astaxanthin and 50 ppm beta-carotene treatment. Pearlspot fingerlings fed with carotenoid content incorporated diets showed better growth performance and feed utilization. Dietary carotenoid content influenced digestive enzyme activity, haemotological and biochemical responses. In order to improve the consumer preference and the market value of E. suratensis, these flesh and skin colouration could be improved by feeding with diets containing astaxanthin (300 ppm) and beta-carotene (50 ppm).

Keywords: Astaxanthin, Beta-carotene, Etroplus suratensis, Growth, Pigmentation

*Corresponding author: rubyfcri@gmail.com

ABSTRACT

Rakau, M.V., Fushai, F. and Baloyi, J.J. 2022. Nutritive value of mixed napier grass (Pennisetum purpureum)– leucaena (Leucaena leucocephala) silage for ruminants. Animal Nutrition and Feed Technology, 22: 433-447.

The objectives of the study were to determine the chemical composition, ruminal degradability, and apparent digestibility of mixed Napier (Pennisetum purpureum) (PP) –Leucaena (Leucaena leucocephala) (LL) silages. Freshly cut Napier and Leucaena were harvested and mixed at 70:30; 50:50; 30:70 ensiled for six weeks. The chemical composition of the fresh forages and the silages were determined using the AOAC (1990) procedures. Dry matter (DM) and crude protein (CP) ruminal degradability were determined by nylon bag technique using three rumen cannulated Bonsmara steers for periods of 0, 6, 12, 24, 48, 72, 96 and 120 hours. DM and CP ruminal degradability kinetics were described by fitting the data on the model P= a+b (1-e-ct) using the neway computer program where a is the rapidly degradable fraction, b is the slowly degradable fraction and c is the outflow rate. Hay supplemented with 25% mixed PP: LL silages was fed to three castrated male Pedi sheep to evaluate apparent digestibility coefficient and N retention. The fresh cut PP had more CP, Fat, and ash, with less OM. Leucaena was richer in most nutrients than Napier. The study indicated the 50:50 silage was the optimal mix to maximize the overall nutritive value. The DM and CP disappearance constants a, b and c were similar for all silages. PP: LL mixing ratio did not affect the DM and CP degradability kinetics of the silages. There was no effect on total dietary intake, apparent digestibility and N retention.

Keywords: Degradability, Digestibility, Leucaena (Leucaena leucocephala), Napier grass (Pennisetum purpureum), Silage

*Corresponding author: joseph.baloyi@univen.ac.za

ABSTRACT

Kadirvel, G., Singh, N.M., Mohan, T.B. and Kandpal, B.K. 2022. Season specific feed formulations for ameliorating climate stress in grower pigs reared under subtropical eastern himalayan region. Animal Nutrition and Feed Technology, 22: 449-458.

Thermal stress is an emerging issue for pig producers in tropical and sub-tropical Eastern Himalayan region. Thus, season specific feed was proposed to be formulated for amelioration thermal stress. Feeding experiment were conducted for both summer stress (May-August) and winter stress (November-February) in grower pigs (75% Hampshire and 25% Niang Megha). Forty-eight piglets for each experiment were selected and distributed by completely randomized design for these two experiments. The seasonal specific feed as well as standard feed were formulated and provided to the piglets as per the standard procedures. Blood cortisol was measured as indicator of stress, besides the body weight gain, average daily gain and feed conservation efficiency in the pigs. Results indicated that the grower pigs fed with summer specific feed had significantly (P<0.05) lower heat stress, higher body weight gain and better feed conversion ratio as compared to grower pigs fed with standard diet during summer season. Similarly, feeding of winter specific feed has significantly (P<0.05) lowered the cortisol level, improved the body weight gain and better feed conversion ratio in grower pigs. The study concluded that the feeding of season specific diet reduced thermal stress and improved body weight gain in growing pigs. Thus, season specific feed formulations are suggested as one of the strategies to alleviate thermal stress in the region under changing climate condition.

Keywords: Climate change, Crossbred pigs (Hampshire X Niang Megha), Pigs, Season specific feed, Thermal stress..

*Corresponding author: velvet.2007@rediffmail.com

ABSTRACT

Chinnasamy, S., Murugan, S.S., Juliet, S., Nair, S.N., Rajkumar, S., Nayar, R., Subrahmanyeswar, G. and Akkara, S.S. 2022. Effects of rapeseed oil (Rapus indicus) supplementation on omega-3 fatty acid concentration and carcass characteristics in broiler chicken. Animal Nutrition and Feed Technology, 22: 459-468

Dietary fatty acid composition in broiler influences carcass quality by altering fat deposition and fatty acid profile. Thus, the study was carried out to evaluate the effect of incorporation of rapeseed oil in broiler ration on omega-3 fatty acid concentration of carcass and its traits in broiler chicken. A total of 160 day-old straight run broilers (Vencobb 400) were randomly divided into four treatment groups (G1, G2, G3 and G4) having four replicates of ten chicks each. The basal diets (G1) were prepared to meet BIS (2007) nutrient requirements with palm oil at 1.5, 3, and 4.5 per cent in pre-starter, starter and finisher diets, respectively. The experimental diets were broiler rations prepared with rapeseed oil replacing 25, 50 and 100 per cent of palm oil in G2, G3 and G4 diets, respectively. The diets were fed ad libitum till 6 weeks of age. Six birds from each group were randomly selected and slaughtered on 42nd day to study omega-3 fatty acid concentration of carcass and its characteristics. The crude fat content of breast and thigh muscle was significantly (P<0.05) reduced in the group fed rapeseed oil included diets. However, carcass yield, processing yield and meat to bone ratio of cut up parts was not significantly affected. The colour and pH of breast and thigh muscles were similar among the treatment groups. Omega- 3 fatty acid concentration was significantly (P<0.01) increased in both breast and thigh muscle of G4 group broilers compared to G1 group. Thus, rapeseed oil inclusion in diet significantly increased omega-3 fatty acid concentration and significantly reduced crude fat concentration breast and thigh muscles with no effect on the carcass yield and its quality when included in the diet replacing palm oil at different proportion.

Keywords: Broiler chickens, Carcass characteristics, Omega-3 fatty acid, Rapeseed oil.

*Corresponding author: c.sudharsan93@gmail.com,

ANFT JANUARY 2022

ABSTRACT

Kaur, Haneet, Wadhwa, M., Hundal, J.S., Bakshi, M.P.S., Sharma, Amit, Malhotra, Puneet and Bansal, B.K. 2022. Effect of dietary supplementation of Acacia arabica bark dry extract on the enteric methane emission and performance of lactating buffaloes. Animal Nutrition and Feed Technology, 22: 1-15.

Dry extract of Acacia arabica bark was supplemented at 1% of DM in the total mixed ration (TMR) to assess the impact on the enteric methane emission, milk yield and its composition in lactating buffaloes. The TMR contained concentrate mixture, green fodder (Trifolium alexandrium) and wheat straw in 40:42:18 ratio (DM basis). In vitro studies revealed that TMR with A. arabica bark dry extract did not affect the net gas production (NGP), ME content and digestibility of nutrients; improved the volatile fatty acids (VFAs) production and decreased (P<0.05) methane production at t-half resulting in higher microbial biomass synthesis. A 180 days feeding trial was conducted on 12 lactating buffaloes divided in to two equal groups. The enteric methane emission was assessed by sulphur hexa fluoride (SF6) tracer technique. The DM intake was not affected by the supplementation of A. arabica bark dry extract, but digestibility of CP, EE and cellulose was improved (P<0.05) and the enteric methane emission was decreased (P<0.01) by 36.54%. The milk yield was similar in both the groups with improved (P<0.05) milk fat percent, but protein and SNF percent (P<0.01) was depressed. There was no significant effect of supplementing A. arabica on the saturated, mono unsaturated and poly unsaturated fatty acids contents in milk fat as compared to the control diet. The purine derivatives (PD) excreted in urine were 37% higher (P<0.05) and the microbial biomass synthesis was 56% higher (P<0.05) in animals fed diet supplemented with A. arabica. The blood profile of buffaloes was not affected by the A. arabica bark extract supplementation. It was concluded that the dietary supplementation of dry extract of A. arabica bark mitigated enteric methane emission, without affecting milk yield, however, milk composition was altered.

Keywords: Acacia arabica bark dry extract, Fatty acids-milk fat, Lactating buffaloes, Methane mitigation, Nutrient utilization, Urinary purine derivatives.

*Corresponding author: bakshimps2@gmail.com

ABSTRACT

Hassan, R.A., Eid, Y.Z. and Bassiouny, Hanaa A. 2022. Effect of alum (Aluminum sulfate) supplementation to poultry litter on layer performance and litter pH. Animal Nutrition and Feed Technology, 22: 17-29.

The current experiment was conducted to assess the effect of using different litter types with or without alum on performance and litter quality of the laying hens. A total number of 120 Inshas layer hens of 24 weeks of age were randomly distributed into 4 groups (3 replicates each 10 hens) of floor litter in following groups: (L1) birds were raised on wood shaving litter, (L2) birds were raised on wheat straw litter, (L1+alum) birds were raised wood shaving with 100 g of alum/kg of bedding, and (L2+alum) birds were raised on wheat straw litter with 100 g of alum/kg of bedding. Topping of fresh litter with acidifier amendment improved body weight, egg weight, egg number, egg mass, feed intake and feed conversion ratio of layers as compared to chickens in the untreated litter group. In comparison with the control group, alum treatment reduced the pH of the litter. Regarding the NH4+-N content, alum-treated litter showed a higher value than the untreated litter. On average, alum-treated litter had lower P content than the untreated litter. Alum treated groups showed a significant increase in dry matter and total nitrogen content when compared with the untreated group. Thus it could be concluded that litter modification with alum treatment had a significant impact on litter quality and in turn enhanced the productive performance of layer chickens without any adverse effect.

Keywords: Aluminum sulfate, Chickens, Litter quality, Nitrogen, pH

*Corresponding author: redaalihasan@yahoo.com

ABSTRACT

Barman, Keshab, Konwar, Dipanjali, Sarma, D.K., Thomas, R., Naskar, S., Pegu, S.R., Banik, S., Mohan, N.H., Tamuli, M.K., Kaushik, Purabi and Rajkhowa, S. 2022. Effect of supplementation of methionine chelated trace minerals on growth, nutrient utilization and blood profiles in crossbred (Hampshire X Ghungroo) finisher pigs. Animal Nutrition and Feed Technology, 22: 31-39.

The study was conducted to find out the effect of supplementation of chelated and non-chelated trace minerals on performance of crossbred finisher pigs for a period of 171 days. Eighteen crossbred (Hampshire x Ghungroo) finisher pigs (about 5 months old, 38.5±0.27 to 39.7±0.12 kg BW) of either sex were divided into three groups of six each in a randomized block design. Methionine chelated trace mineral mixture was supplemented to the basal diet @ 0 level, low level (Cu-M: 6 ppm, Zn-M: 46 ppm, Co-M: 1.6 ppm, Fe-M: 75 ppm) and high level (Cu-M: 9 ppm, Zn-M: 70 ppm, Co-M: 3.5 ppm, FeM: 90 ppm) and designated as T1, T2 and T3 groups, respectively. Dry matter intake (kg/d) was 1.467±0.07, 1.384±0.109 and 1.324±0.159, respectively, in T1 , T2 and T3 groups. Digestibility coefficients of dry matter, organic matter, crude protein, ether extract and crude fiber were increased non significantly in chelated trace mineral supplemented groups, while nitrogen free extracts did not follow any pattern. There was no significant difference on average daily gain, feed conversion ratio among the groups. The cost (Rs/kg gain) of production per kg live weight was reduced non significantly by Rs.8.2 and Rs.14.5 in T2 and T3 groups in comparison to control group. The WBC, granulocyte and monocytes levels increased (P<0.05) in supplemented groups. It is concluded that supplementation of chelated trace minerals namely Cu-methinonine, Zn-methionine, Co-methionine and Fe-methionine at 9, 70, 3.5 and 90 ppm beneficially effect the production performances in finisher crossbred (Hampshire x Ghungroo) pigs.

Keywords: Blood profile, Chelated trace minerals, Crossbred pig, Growth, Nutrient utilization

*Corresponding author: barman74@gmail.com

ABSTRACT

Ramírez Ramírez, J.C., Loya Olguin, J.L., Gutiérrez Leyva, R., Ulloa, J.A., Grageola Núñez, F., Rosas Ulloa, P. and Gómez Gurrola, A. 2022. Effect of pineapple peel on acidification kinetics, chemical composition and in vitro digestibility of corn silage. Animal Nutrition and Feed Technology, 22: 41-54.

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of adding pineapple peel (PP) (0, 5, 10, 20 and 40%) to corn plants of two harvests PM1 (28% DM) and PM2 (34% DM), on silage fermentation, chemical composition and in vitro dry matter digestibility (IVDMD). Mini silos of 250 g were prepared in plastic bags and kept at room temperature (25±2ºC) for 0, 30, 45, 90 and 150 days (T) under a 2 x 5 x 5 factorial design. PM1 silages with PP (5-40%) at 90 days had the highest acidification (P<0.05); however, silages from all treatments were preserved for 150 days. The DM content was lower (19.24%) in PM1 (PP 40%) silage; however, PP inclusion did not affect the DM content (21.54-24.17%) of the other treatments (P<0.05). Ash (5.54%) and crude protein (7.99%) content were similar (P>0.05) between treatments, while lipid content (3.58%) was greater in PM1 (PP 5%, T 150) silages. PP addition (10-40%) decreased the neutral detergent fiber to 60.07% in the silages, while the acid detergent fiber did not change (average 30.17%). The silages of PM1 and PM2 added with 20 and 40% of PP; respectively, presented the highest IVDMD (78.97%). It is concluded that pineapple peel is a potential ingredient to apply in corn silage production because it contributes fermentation and preservation, in addition does not affect protein content and increases digestibility.

Keywords: Corn silage, Digestibility, Fermentation kinetics, Pineapple peel, Ruminant feeding

*Corresponding author: josec.ramirez@uan.edu.mx.

ABSTRACT

Kala, A., Kumar, M.G.R., Chaudhary, L.C. and Agarwal, N. 2022. Development and comparative evaluation of microencapsulated and lyophilized probiotic Lactobacillus acidophilus under in vitro conditions Animal Nutrition and Feed Technology, 22: 55-65.

The present study was conducted to develop the sodium alginate microcapsules with (SAS) or without starch (SA) and lyophilized (LYO) form of L. acidophilus NCDC15 as a probiotic product, and their evaluation in terms of storage viability and tolerance under simulated gastrointestinal conditions. The probiotic products were evaluated for viability under gastric acidic and alkaline intestinal pH using simulated gastric juice and simulated intestinal juice for exposure time of upto120 minutes and 180 minutes respectively. There was negligible reduction in viability of SA and SAS, whereas LYO and free cells experienced drastic decrease in viability. The shelf life of all the products (SA, SAS, LYO) under storage at 4°C and room temperature were evaluated by estimating CFU at weekly interval for first month and at fortnight interval thereafter to a period till the count of probiotics decreased below 106 CFU. All the products had improved shelf life of more than three months, at 4°C, with SA, SAS and LYO probiotic forms having shelf life of 18, 18, 34 wk respectively, whereas at room temperature, shelf life was 16, 16 and 32 wks, respectively. The coating of probiotic using sodium alginate and chitosan improved the tolerance of probiotic to harsh conditions in gut over longer periods of exposure as compared to free or lyophilized cells.

Keywords: Lyophilization, Microencapsulation, Probiotic, Simulated gastric juice, Simulated intestinal juice

*Corresponding author: anjukalavet2002@gmail.com

ABSTRACT

Chen, Y.F., Ouyang, J.L., Shahzad, K., Qi, R.X. and Wang, M.Z. 2022. Effects of facultative heterofermentative LAB, enzymes and fermentable substrates on the fermentation quality, aerobic stability and in vitro ruminal fermentation of rice straw. Animal Nutrition and Feed Technology, 22: 67-78.

This study was conducted to investigate the effects of facultative heterofermentative bacteria, enzymes and fermentable substrates on quality and aerobic stability of rice straw. Dry rice straw was processed into 6 groups in 0.3 × 0.5m vacuum bags with no additives as a control (CON), Bacillus licheniformis+ Aspergillus niger + glucose (BAG), B. licheniformis + cellulase + starch (BCS), Lactobacillus plantarum + Trichoderma viride + starch (LTS), L. plantarum+ cellulase + glucose (LCG) and Enterococcus faecalis + cellulase + bran (ECB). After 45 days storage, straw samples were subjected to chemical analyses for quality assessment, and the remainders were exposed to oxygen for 15 days for further aerobic stability assessment. Compared with the control, the pH value and ammonia nitrogen/ total nitrogen was decreased in all treatments. The lactic acid content increased in LTS and LCG, whereas acetic acid and butyric acid contents decreased significantly (P<0.05). After the oxygen exposure, residual sugar content was higher, whereas, pH and NH3 -N /TN concentration was lower in LCG straw as compared to others. In conclusion, the application of LCG is more effective for enhancing quality and aerobic stability.

Keywords: Aerobic stability, Enzymes, Fermentable substrates, Fermentative bacteria, In vitro fermentation, Lactic acid bacteria, Rice straw

*Corresponding author: mengzhiwangyz@126.com

ABSTRACT

Manju, G.U., Nagalakshmi, D., Balakrishanan, U., Nagabhushana, V., Venkateswarlu, M., Rajanna, N., Preetham, V. Chinni and Sriharsha, K.V.S. 2022. Effect of feeding slow release non protein nitrogen sources on nutrient utilization, rumen fermentation pattern, microbial protein supply and bacterial diversity in deccani rams. Animal Nutrition and Feed Technology, 22: 79-94.

A study was conducted on 24 Deccani rams (1-2 years old; 22.5±0.96 kg body weight) randomly allotted to 4 dietary treatments with 6 animals in each group in a completely randomized design to investigate the effect of two slow release urea products (SRUP) sources on nutrient digestibility, rumen fermentation metabolites, microbial protein synthesis and rumen bacterial diversity. The control concentrate mixture was prepared with soybean meal as major protein with no added urea. In positive control concentrate mixture, two third of soybean meal nitrogen of control was replaced with urea (46% nitrogen) and urea constituted 1% of the total diet. In the other two experimental concentrate mixtures, urea was completely replaced with fat coated urea (FCU) and hydroxyl methyl cellulose coated urea (HMCCU) having 40% nitrogen. All the animals were fed with sorghum stover, green grass and concentrate mixture in ratio of 50:10:40 as total mixed ration to meet the nutrient requirements of rams as per ICAR (2013). The digestibility of DM, OM, CF, NFE, ADF and cellulose decreased with replacing of 2/3rd of SBM-N of control diet with urea. The CF, ADF and cellulose digestibility improved with replacement of urea with either of SRUP sources. The ruminal pH in rams did not vary with feeding of urea or various SRUP based diets and was comparable to control irrespective of diets, pH was highest at ½ h after feeding (6.55) and later decreased at 3 and 6h of feeding. The TVFA production (mmol/100ml) in ruminal liquor differed significantly (P<0.01) only at half an hour after feeding with higher production in rams fed with diets containing fat coated urea (9.67) compared to those fed control and other urea based diets. The mean NH3N concentration in the rumen liquor differed significantly (P<0.01) among different dietary groups, different intervals of collection and diet x hours interaction with rapid increase in NH3 N in urea based group at 1/ 2h and the gradual decrease at 3 and 6h, while in FCU and HMCCU baseds group NH3 N levels increased at 1/2h after feeding and maintained till 3h after feeding. Among the SRUP sources, HMCCU was better in release of ammonia at steady rate for longer duration (6h). Feeding of urea or slow release urea products enhanced the multiplication of new fibres degrading bacteria compared to those fed control diet.

Keywords: Bacterial diversity, Deccani rams, Nutrient digestibility, Rumen metabolites, Slow release urea.

*Corresponding author: manjuann631@gmail.com

ABSTRACT

Özcan, F. and Tasbozan, O. 2022. The effects of dietary protease enzyme on growth performances and digestive enzyme activities of gilt head sea bream (Sparusaurata). Animal Nutrition and Feed Technology, 22: 95-106.

With this study, the effects of adding different levels of protease enzyme (0.5, 1 and 1.5 g/kg diet) on sea bream (Sparus aurata), growth performance, digestive enzyme activity and body chemical compositions were investigated. A total of 840 sea bream juveniles with an average initial weight of 7.72±0.05 g were fed eight different diets. As a result of the study, the final weight (FW) in the G6 (0.5 g/kg, 50% protein) group was 52.38±0.70 g, the specific growth rate (SGR) was 3.18±0.02, the feed conversion rate (FCR) was 1.17±0.03 as compared to other groups (P<0.05). However, it was observed that the group with the best digestive capacity was G6. Protease, trypsin and alkaline phosphatase activities supported growth and their activity increased during the trial. In the amylase, lipase and aminopeptidase activities, a decrease detected during the trial.

Keywords: Digestive activity, Enzyme, FCR, Protease, SGR, Sparus aurata

*Corresponding author: felizozcan@gmail.om

ABSTRACT

Kitaw, G., Gebregziabhear, E., Urge, B., Mulatu, Y. and Acheampong, E.N. 2022. Nutritional characterization and evaluation of bamboo leaves hay potential as a basal diet for lactating crossbred cows in Ethiopia. Animal Nutrition and Feed Technology, 22: 107-121.

The study was carried out with the main objective to nutritionally characterize dominantly available bamboo species in Ethiopia. The study was also aimed to evaluating bamboo fodder hay as a basal diet alone or in combination with natural pasture grass hay on intake, digestibility, milk yield and composition and body weight of lactating cows. The leaves samples of major bamboo species collected from Injibara and Chagni districts in the Awi zone of Amhara Regional state representing highland and introduced bamboo species in Ethiopia were analysed for chemical composition. Locations around Assossa town were also considered to collect leaves samples representing lowland bamboo species. Accordingly, the introduced bamboo had the highest CP (15.9%) (P<0.05) compared to both the lowland (13.3%) and highland bamboo (14.3%) species. Ash, NDF and ADF contents were recorded to be higher (P<0.05) for introduced bamboo (13.2, 77.7 and 50.3%) followed by highland (12.2, 75.1 and 46.4%) and lowland bamboo (11.1, 73.4 and 44.1%) species. Lignin contents were lower (P<0.05) for the lowland bamboo (9.5%). In a feeding experiment, cows were randomly assigned to receive no bamboo leaves as a control diet (T1=BLO) and diets containing bamboo leaves replacing natural pasture hay as a basal diet at the rate of 25 (T2=BL25), 50 (T3=50), 75 (T4=BL75) and 100% (T5=BL100) using 5X5 latin square design. Hay intake was higher (P<0.05) for cows receiving the BL0 diet but then decreased with the level of bamboo leaves inclusion in the diets. In contrast, bamboo leaves hay followed an opposite trends (P<0.05) to that of the hay intake. Total dry matter intake and other nutrients intake and digestibility were recorded to be markedly higher (P<0.05) when the cows were receiving the BL25 and BL50 diets. However, apparent NDF and ADF digestibility, remained similar (P>0.05) across dietary treatments. Daily milk production was considerably higher (P<0.05) for cows receiving the BL50 diet but seem to have declined thereafter with higher replacement levels. Milk composition and body weight changes of the cows remained unaffected (P>0.05) as compared to control group. It can be concluded that nutrient intake, digestibility and milk production of high grade crossbred cows can be substantially improved when bamboo leaves hay replaces natural pasture hay up to 50%.

Keywords: Bamboo specie, Crossbred cows, Digestibility, Intake, Milk yield and composition

*Corresponding author: kitaw2006@yahoo.com

ABSTRACT

Li, Yanbing, Yuyang, Liu, Lingzhi, Kong, Wang, Xueyang, Li, Jinku, Zhao, Junxiang, Li, Jingchun and Shan, Anshan. 2022. The effect of various antifungal additives on fermentation and aerobic stability of soya milk or tofu residue silage. Animal Nutrition and Feed Technology, 22: 123-132.

To investigate the effect of various additives on the fermentation products and aerobic stability of soya milk or tofu residue silage. Two mixtures were formulated with soya milk or tofu residue, molasses, spray corn husk, rice husk and corn germ meal in a ratio of 45:1:25:17:12, and they were ensiled in plastic pouches for 10 and 20 days. The mixtures were treated with or without microbial inoculation (Lactobacillus plantarum, Lactobacillus buchneri or combined; 106 cfu/g) using chemical additives (20% sodium benzoate, 10% potassium sorbate and 5% sodium nitrite; 2 or 4 L/tonne). The microbial inoculation had no effect on the final pH, the concentration of acid and ethanol in treated soya milk residue silage when compared with untreated silages. Silage treated with chemical additives had lower concentration of lactic acid, ethanol and acetic acid. The aerobic stabilities of silages treated with chemical additives were greatest among all treatments. In tofu residue silage, microbial inoculants increased the concentration of lactic acid as compared with other treatments. Microbial and chemical additives lowered the concentration of ethanol as compared with untreated silage. Silages treated with chemical additives remained stable for >7d. Silages treated with microbial inoculation and untreated silages were deteriorated within 5 days. Chemical additive inhibited the deterioration in 10- and 20-days ensiled soybean products residue silages.

Keywords: Aerobic deterioration, Chemical additives, Microbial inoculants, Soybean products residue

*Corresponding author: asshan@neau.edu.cn

ABSTRACT

Liu, L., Lin, Y., Li, C.Y., Liu, Y.X. and Li, F.C. 2022. Effect of dietary addition of Artemisia annua on growth performance, nutrient digestion and intestinal immunity in rabbits. Animal Nutrition and Feed Technology, 22: 133-142.

The present study was conducted to investigate the effect of Artemisia annua on the production performance, nutrient digestion and intestinal immunity of rabbits. Weaned Hyla rabbits (35d, n=200) of similar body weight were divided into four groups (50 rabbits per treatment) fed diets with 0, 4, 8 or 12% A. annua in place of alfalfa meal powder. Our results showed that dietary supplementation with A. annua did not affect the average daily gain, feed conversion ratio or intestine development (P>0.05). The addition of 4% A. annua increased the apparent digestibility of crude fat (P<0.05) and decreased the apparent digestibility of ash, total calcium and total phosphorus (P<0.05). The addition of 4% A. annua significantly (P<0.05) increased the villus height in the duodenum and ileum and the villus height/crypt depth ratio in the duodenum. Dietary supplementation with A. annua significantly (P<0.05) increased the -interleukin 1 (IL-1), IL-6 and IL-8 contents in the duodenum and ileum but significantly (P<0.05) decreased the secretory immunoglobulins A and immunoglobulins G contents in the duodenum and ileum (P<0.05). In conclusion, dietary supplementation with 4% A. annua increased the apparent digestibility of dietary crude fat without any effect on the growth. However, A. annua supplementation may cause an intestinal immunity response and damage the intestinal barrier.

Keywords: Artemisia annua, Growth performance, Intestinal immunity, Nutrient digestion, Rabbit

*Corresponding author: chlf@sdau.edu.cn

ABSTRACT

Quan, J.L., Wu, Z.Y., Zhu, Y.B. and Zhang, W.X. 2022. Solid state fermentation of olive pomace with Lactobacillus plantarum and Bacillus subtilis to improve feed value. Animal Nutrition and Feed Technology, 22: 143-154.

The possibility of increasing the feed value of olive pomace (OP) by solid state fermentation was investigated. It was found that after being fermented with L. plantarum and B. subtilis in combination for 9 d, 82% of the tannins in OP was removed, the antioxidant activity and the contents of most of the nutrient components increased. While the contents of gallic acid and ellagic acid in the OP decreased, the content of tannic acid was almost unchanged, and the contents of hydroxytyrosol, catechin, oleanolic acid-28-O-β-D-glucopyranoside, naringin, lanosterol and oleuropein increased after the fermentation. Molecular docking suggested that tannic acid and oleanolic acid had high binding affinities to most of the investigated target enzymes which are related with blood sugar regulation, fatty acid synthesis and antiinflammatory activity; while iNOS displayed high binding affinity to most of the investigated compounds. Further enzyme inhibition experiments revealed that the fermentation process enhanced the inhibition effect of OP extract against iNOS, and tannic acid, oleanolic acid-28-O-β-D-glucopyranoside, naringin and hydroxytyrosol might play important roles in the inhibition of iNOS. This study provides a reference for the usage of fermented OP as a functional feed.

Keywords: Feed, iNOS, Molecular docking, Olive pomace, Solid state fermentation

*Corresponding author: wuzhengyun@scu.edu.cn

ABSTRACT

Okpara, O., Obakanurhe, O., Onowhakpor, C.N., Sorhue, U.G. and Gbayisomore, O.S. 2022. Effect of replacing maize with processed cassava on the growth performance and haematological characteristics of broiler chickens. Animal Nutrition and Feed Technology, 22: 155-166.

The purpose of this study was to see how shifting from maize to a processed improved cassava variety (TME 419) affected the haematological parameters and growth performance of broiler chickens. A total of 137 day old chicks (Cobb 450 strain) were brooded for a week before being randomly allocated to three experimental groups in a completely randomized design. Each experimental group was replicated three times with 15 birds each. The three diets were designed using cassava root meal instead of maize (CRM). T1 had SD50 (50 percent maize, 50 percent sun-dried cassava root meal (CRM)), T2 had OD50 (50 percent maize, 50 percent oven-dried CRM), and MD100 (100 percent maize, 0% CRM) served as the control. Data were collected on performance characteristics and haematology parameters. The results on growth performance revealed that the feed intake of broiler chickens on the T3 was significantly (P<0.05) higher as compared to T1 and T2. T1 recorded the highest weight gain followed by T2 and T3. The FCR of T1 was statistically similar to T2 whose values were significantly better than T3. Birds on sun-dried cassava meal performed much better as compared to the control diet in terms of weight gain, final body weight, and feed conversion ratio. On haematogical indices of birds showed that packed cell volume (PCV) values in the three treatments indicated no significant (P> 0.05) differences. Birds on OD50 diet had lower WBCs as compared to birds on SD50 and MD100 diets. The concentration of haemoglobin (Hb) in T1 was significantly (P<0.05) higher as compared to the control. These findings suggested that sun-dried cassava could efficiently replace maize up to 50% inclusion in broiler chickens diets without any detrimental effects.

Keywords: Broiler chicken, Growth performance, Haematology, Improved cassava, Maize.

*Corresponding author: okparaoghenesuvwe@gmail.com

ABSTRACT

Haloi, S., Borah, L., Bhuyan, R., Saikia, B.N., Requib, M., Nath, R., Dixit, C.P. and Singh, C.D. 2022. Comparative study of feeding complete feed block and total mixed ration as complete feed on nutrient utilization, blood biochemical profile and milk yield in crossbred cows. Animal Nutrition and Feed Technology, 22: 167-175.

An experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of complete feed in the form of complete feed block (CFB) and total mixed ration (TMR) on nutrient utilization, blood biochemical profile and milk yield in crossbred cows in contrast to conventional system of feeding for duration of 90 days. Eighteen crossbred cows of similar lactation period and milk yield were randomly allotted to three dietary treatments with six animals in each. Animals in the control group (CON) were provided concentrate and roughage separately. The same ration was fed as complete feed in CFB and TMR form to the animals of CF-I and CF-II groups, respectively. The ratio of roughage and concentrate (60:40) was same for all three diets. The dry matter intake and organic matter intake (kg/day, BW%, g/kg W0.75) were similar among the experimental groups. Digestibility of dry matter, organic matter and crude protein was higher in CFI (P<0.01) and CF-II (P<0.01) groups over CON group. However, no significant difference was found in the digestibility of ether extract and acid detergent fibre (ADF). Neutral detergent fibre (NDF) digestibility was higher in CF-I (P<0.05) and CF-II (P<0.05) group than CON group. Highest milk yield (kg) was observed in CF-I (P<0.01) group. The feed conversion ratio was lower in CF-I (P<0.01) and CF-II (P<0.01) group than CON group. The feed cost per kg milk was lowest in CF-II group followed by CFI and CON group. The results of this study revealed that feeding of CFB and TMR tended to improve the performance and milk yield of crossbred dairy cows without affecting the blood biochemical profile.

Keywords: Apparent digestibility, Complete feed block, Crossbred cows, Milk yield, Total mixed ration

*Corresponding author: sikhahalai@rediffmail.com

ABSTRACT

Sureshkumar, S., Park, J.H. and Kim, I.H. 2022. Inclusion of dietary L-arginine supplementation during late gestation and lactation on litter performance in sow. Animal Nutrition and Feed Technology, 22: 177- 185.

The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of dietary L-arginine supplementation on growth performance, litter characteristics, and litter performance in sows during late gestation and lactation. Twelve multiparous sows (Landrace × Yorkshire) were allocated to one of three treatments with four replicates per treatment. The dietary treatments were divided into two phases (I) gestation stage: CONBasal diet, TRT1- CON + 0.03% L-arginine, and TRT2- CON + 0.06% L-arginine. (II) Farrowing stage: CON-Basal diet, TRT1- CON + 0.06% L-arginine, and TRT2- CON + 0.11% L-arginine. During late-gestation and lactation significant reductions were observed on body weight loss and backfat thickness loss of sows fed L-arginine supplemented diet. Moreover, no significant effects were observed on body weight (BW), backfat thickness, average daily feed intake (ADFI), body condition score, and estrus interval among the L-arginine treatments in sows. However, results indicated that dietary supplement of L-arginine had increased (P<0.05) body weight of piglets at birth and weaning. Further, there was linear improvement on average daily gain (ADG) of piglets. In summary, dietary L-arginine supplementation during late-gestation and lactation had beneficial effect on survival rate and growth performance (birth weight) and weaning weight of piglets.

Keywords: Growth performance, L-arginine, Sows, Sucking piglets

*Corresponding author: inhokim@dankook.ac.kr

ABSTRACT

Gole, M.A., Manwar, S.J., Kawitkar, S.B., Khose, K.K. and Chopde, S.V. 2022. Study on supplementation of combination of organic acids and essential oils on broiler performance. Animal Nutrition and Feed Technology, 22: 187-197.

The natural feed additives instead of antibiotic growth promoter in poultry diet is a need of the hour. The different mechanisms of organic acids and essential oils may create the possibility to cooperate with each other in the animal and subsequently enhance the performance. Hence, the study was planned to find out a suitable combination of organic acid and essential oil to improve growth performance in broiler chickens. The experiment was conducted, on 240 broiler chicks for a period of 6 weeks. The chicks are divided in 4 groups having 3 replicates of 20 birds each. The birds in control group (A) offered basal diet. The birds in dietary treatment group B, C and D offered basal diet with 200 mg/ kg cinnamon essential oil and 1% propionic acid, basal diet with 200 mg/ kg peppermint essential oil and 1% sorbic acid and diet with 200 mg/ kg clove essential oil and 1% fumaric acid, respectively. The performance of all the treatment groups was assessed with respect to the different performance parameters. Use of combination of essential oils (200 mg/kg feed) and organic acids (1%) resulted in improvement in growth performance and gut health in broilers. The combination of cinnamon essential oil with propionic acid used in the study improved overall performance of birds compared to other treatments and could be a promising strategy as an alternative to antibiotic growth promoters in broiler production.

Keywords: Broiler chicken, Essential oils, Organic acids, Performance

*Corresponding author: drshitaljawale@gmail.com

ABSTRACT

Prakash, S., Sharma, V., Karnani, M., Choudhary, S., Manju, Chharang, D. and Yadav, V.S. 2022. Effect of black cumin seeds (Nigella sativa) and synbiotic supplementation on growth performance, nutrient utilization and carcass characteristics of broiler chickens. Animal Nutrition and Feed Technology, 22: 199- 212.

The study was conducted in broiler chickens to assess the effect of black cumin seeds (Nigella sativa) and synbiotic (ProMos) on the performance of broilers. 240-day old Vencobb broiler chicks were randomly divided into 6 treatment groups (T1 -T6 ) with four replicates of 10 chicks each. The treatment groups consisted of: control group (T1 ) fed basal diet, T2 with 0.5% black cumin seeds powder, T3 with 1.0 % black cumin seeds powder, T4 with 0.05 % synbiotic, T5 with 0.5% black cumin seeds powder and 0.05% synbiotic and T6 was supplemented with 1% black cumin seeds powder and 0.05% synbiotic in diet. Dietary inclusion of black cumin seeds and synbiotic alone and in combination had no influence on feed consumption of birds. Cumulative body weight gain and body weight were significantly higher (P<0.01) in T4 group and lowest in control group. The overall feed conversion ratio was significantly (P<0.05) lower in T3 , T4 and T5 groups than T1 . Significantly (P<0.05) higher digestibility of DM was found in T3 and T4 than T1 and T2 . Significantly (P< 0.01) higher CP digestibility was found in T3 , T4 and T5 groups than T1 and T2 . Nitrogen retention was found to be significantly higher (P<0.05) in T3 than T1 (control). Hoverer, no influence was observed on other parameters. Therefore, it can be revealed that black cumin seeds at 1.0 per cent level and synbiotic at 0.05 per cent level and their combination enhanced the overall performance of broilers.

Keywords: Black cumin seeds, Broilers, Carcass, Performance, Synbiotic

*Corresponding author: dr.monikakarnani@gmail.com

ABSTRACT

Asare, E., Yang, H.M., Yang, Z., Zhang, H. and Wang, Z.Y. 2022. The role of dietary trypsin enzyme in reducing the adverse effects of trypsin inhibitors in poultry nutrition - A Review. Animal Nutrition and Feed Technology, 22: 213-228.

Scientific studies indicated that the growth performance of birds is impaired not only by ingestion of anti-nutrients in feed ingredients but also by the insufficient secretion of proteolytic enzymes required for digestion. The endogenous trypsin is noted to strenuously influence the rate of digestion especially protein in poultry through its roles but its activity is suppressed due to what the birds are fed with. Measures taken, including exogenous enzymes, have efficiently enhanced poultry’s growth through plant protein digestion. Some of these enzymes exist commercially as mono-component, with others having a different mode of actions or unknown specificity yet but classified as a chymotrypsin-like enzyme or subtilisin. However, a better understanding of protease enzyme mode of specificity and efficient protein digestion makes trypsin a powerful and effective divining rod. Hence, it was noted that the ability of the duodenum to enhance digestion and absorption of proteins effectively depends on the increased activation of pancreatic zymogens (trypsin) or the mimicking of exogenous trypsin as zymogen-like. Comparatively, this improved the growth points of chick by 40% when trypsin was supplemented exogenously in a 5% inclusion of raw soybean diet of 20% soy protein diet. Furthermore, with the use and increasing dosage of exogenous trypsin, a proportionate increase in trypsin activities will, in turn, reside in a dose-dependent manner that binds all amino acid peptides to enhance digestion and reduce the negativities of trypsin inhibitors. Hence, this review aims to briefly disclose trypsin’s effectiveness as a mono-component enzyme supplemented in poultry ration.

Keywords: Digestibility, Enzyme, Growth, Poultry, Trypsin

*Corresponding author: zhiyang@yzu.edu.cn

ABSTRACT

Asare, E., Zhou, H.B., Cai, Q.H., Yang, H.M., Yang, Z. and Wang, Z.Y. 2022. Effect of dietary exogenous pancreatin supplementation on growth performance, serum parameters, carcass characteristics and nutrient digestibility in cockerels. Animal Nutrition and Feed Technology, 22: 229-243.

A 70-d trial was conducted using a total of 480-day-old Hy-line Silver-Brown cockerels (39.58±0.24g) to investigate the effects of corn-soybean meal diet supplemented with exogenous pancreatin on the growth performance, viscera index, serum biochemical parameters, carcass characteristics, and nutrient digestibility in cockerels. A completely randomized design with 5 treatments and 6 replicates, 16 birds/ pen was used. Treatment diets included a control: basal diet (BD) with 4 other treatments supplemented with pancreatin at 250, 500, 750 and 1000g/t on BD. Results showed that pancreatin supplemented linearly improved (P<0.05) the weight gain and decreased feed efficiency at the starter phase. Pancreatin supplementation negatively reduced the fecal crude protein and ether extract at 70d. An increase (P=0.042) in gizzard weight was observed on 250g /t supplement at 42d, whereas birds receiving 500g /t diets increased (P<0.05) liver, spleen, intestinal and pancreas weight at 70d. An increase (P<0.05) in breast meat and eviscerated rate was observed on 1000g/t diet. Serum total protein, albumin, alanine aminotransferase, albumin globulin ratio, urea acid, and high-density lipoprotein at 42d and urea acid, alanine, aspartate aminotransferase, high-density lipoprotein and phosphorus at 70d were all significantly affected by pancreatin supplementation. These data suggest that pancreatin supplementation to poultry diets could improve the growth, influence the development of viscera organs, carcass characteristics and serum metabolites in broiler chickens.

Keywords: Cockerels, Corn-soybean based, Growth performance, Pancreatin

*Corresponding author: zhiyang@yzu.edu.cn

ABSTRACT

Djordjeviae, J., Baltiae, B., Glisiae, M., Boskoviae, M., Sefer, D., Raduloviae, S., Radovanoviae, A., Periae, D., Peuraea, M. and Markoviae, R. 2022. Advantages of sodium butyrate in weaned piglet diet. Animal Nutrition and Feed Technology, 22: 245-259

The aim was to examine production performance, carcass characteristics, and intestinal histomorphology of weaned piglets (28-to 54-day-old) fed diet with 3 or 5 g of sodium butyrate per kg of diet (group II and III). Groups II and III had higher final live weight and total weight gain. The feed to gain ratio was the best in group I. The highest carcass yield was of group III. Significant differences (P<0.05) were observed in Escherischia coli counts in small intestine between control (I) and experimental groups (II and III), and in cecum between control (I) and experimental group II. There were significant differences (P<0.05) between all groups for the intestine length, intestine weight, and both height and width of the ileal villus. The highest villus height/crypt depth ratio of jejunum occurred in group II piglets, while the highest villus height/crypt depth ratio of ileum was in piglets from group III. The significant correlations were determined between amount of sodium butyrate and final live weight, intestinal length, intestinal weight, jejunal and ileal crypt depth, and ileal villus widths.

Keywords: Carcass characteristics, Intestinal histomorphology, Intestine length, Intestine weight, Piglet performance

*Corresponding author: djordjevic@vet.bg.ac.rs

ABSTRACT

Vaswani, S., Kumar, V., Anand, M., Kumar, M., Kushwaha, R., Kumar, A., Saxena, A., Gupta, P.K. and Kumar, S. 2022. Effect of Tinospora cordifolia as phytogenic feed additive on performance parameters of Sahiwal heifers. Animal Nutrition and Feed Technology, 22: 261-275.

Tinospora cordifolia stem powder (TCSP) is well known for its hepatoprotective, antioxidant and immunomodulatory properties and it could be used as a phytogenic feed additive to enhance the production and health response of ruminants. The study was conducted to determine the effects of TCSP supplementation on growth, blood biochemicals, immunity, antioxidant and endocrine parameters of growing Sahiwal heifers. Eighteen growing Sahiwal heifers were randomly allocated into three groups on body weight and age basis. Feeding regimen was similar in all the groups except that treatment groups were supplemented with 0.0 (CON), 0.5 (T1), and 1.0 (T2) percent of dry matter intake (DMI), TCSP in three respective groups, for 90 days period. Dietary supplementation of TCSP at different levels did not show any significant (P>0.05) effect on DMI, average daily gain, and feed conversion efficiency of growing heifers. Total cholesterol and triglycerides level were significantly lower (P<0.05) in the T2 group. SOD was significantly higher (P<0.001) whereas, LPO decreased linearly (P<0.05) in T2 group. Plasma total antioxidant status (TAS) also increased linearly (P<0.05) in T2 group. IgG levels increased linearly (P<0.001) in the T2 group; however, total Ig was significantly (P<0.05) higher in the treatment groups. No effect on the concentration of plasma IGF-1, T3 and T4 was reported. Hence, TCSP at a 1.0% level of inclusion could be used as a phytogenic feed additive to boost the health status in terms of improved immunity and antioxidant response in Sahiwal heifers.

Keywords: Antioxidant, Immunomodulatory, Phytogenic feed additive, Sahiwal, Tinospora cordifolia

*Corresponding author: shalinee.gautam@gmail.com

ABSTRACT

Soni, P.K., Chaudhary, L.C., Kala, A., Rahman, H. and Agarwal, P. 2022. In vitro feed fermentation with the rumen liquor of buffaloes fed on diet supplemented with phyto-feed additives. Animal Nutrition and Feed Technology, 22: 277-286.

A study on in vitro feed fermentation with the rumen liquor of the buffaloes (12-15 months of age with average body weight 164±4.0kg) supplemented phyto-feed additives (FAs) was conducted to evaluate the long term feeding of the additives for its sustainability of inhibiting methane production. Monthly (for 6 months) in vitro experiments were performed using the rumen liquor of buffalo calves fed on diet supplemented with no additive (T0 control), with FA I (blend of garlic bulb, ajwain seed, harad seed pulp and soapnut berries mixed in 1:1:1:1 ratio) @ 1% of DMI (T1), with FA II (ajwain oil) @ 1ml of per kg dry matter intake (T2) and with FA I and FA II switched alternatively after every 15 days (T3). There was reduction (P<0.05) in total gas and methane production irrespective of the period and this inhibition was maximum (22.2 and 46.56 percent) with the rumen liquor of T3 group. There were no effects of feed additives on in vitro true digestibility, total volatile fatty acids and molar proportion of acetate, propionate, butyrate, A:P ratio and ammonia-N at any period. However, significant increase was noticed in partitioning factor in T3 treatment. Alternate supplementation of the two feed additives had no additional advantage. Further, the results revealed that the feed additives did not lose their anti-methanogenic characteristic as there was methane inhibition till the end of the experiment.

Keywords: Ajwain oil, Buffalo calves, Garlic, Harad, Methane, Phyto-feed additives, Soapnut

*Corresponding author: lcchaudhary1@rediffmail.com

ABSTRACT

Morkhade, S.J., Deshpande, K.Y., Thakare, S.O., Mandale, N.R. and Badukale, D.M. 2022. Influence of dietary sodium butyrate supplementation on performance, nutrient digestibility and economics of broiler chicken. Animal Nutrition and Feed Technology, 22: 287-296.

A feeding trial (42 days) was conducted to assess the influence of dietary sodium butyrate supplementation on performance, nutrient digestibility and economics of broiler chicken. Two hundred forty straight run commercial broiler chicks were distributed in four groups with 4 replicates of 15 chicks following completely randomized design. The groups consisted of a control fed the basal diet (SB0 ); other groups were fed basal diet supplemented with three levels each of sodium butyrate (SB) at 0.05 (SB0.05), 0.1 (SB0.1) and 0.15 (SB0.15) percent. The cumulative feed intake (g) was comparable (P>0.05) among the treatment groups up to 21 days age. However, the cumulative feed intake (g) from 22 to 42 days and for overall period was significantly reduced (P<0.05) in SB0.1 group than SB0 and SB0.05; whereas the intake in SB0.15 remained comparable. The cumulative body weights (g) were comparable (P> 0.05) among treatment groups during 4-6 weeks and for overall period. The cumulative feed conversion ratio (FCR) of experimental groups remained comparable (P>0.05) on the first 21 days. However, during 4- 6 weeks and overall FCR was significantly improved (P<0.05) in SB0.1 than SB0 . Except for CP, the digestibility (%) for other nutrients remained comparable (P> 0.05). A significant betterment (P<0.05) in CP digestibility (%) in SB supplemented groups was recorded than control. Economic returns were found to be better in group supplemented with SB0.1 than the respective levels of SB. Hence, it is concluded that dietary supplementation of sodium butyrate at 0.1% level positively modified growth performance, protein digestibility and economic returns in broiler chicken.

Keywords: Broiler chicken, Feed intake, Growth performance, Nutrient digestibility, Sodium butyrate

*Corresponding author: kuldeepydeshpande@gmail.com

ABSTRACT

Jedidi, S., Selmi, H., Aloui, F., Dhifallah, A., Sammeri, H., Abbes, C. and Sebai, H. 2022. Antioxidant and antibacterial properties of salvia officinalis essential oils and their effects on in vitro feed fermentation with goat rumen liquor. Animal Nutrition and Feed Technology, 22: 297-310.

The aim of this study was to investigate the chemical composition, the antioxidant and antibacterial capacities of Salvia officinalis essential oils (SOEO) as well as its effects on in vitro rumen fermentation of oat hay and methane emission using goat rumen liquor. Essential oils samples were obtained from the aerial parts of the plant and analyzed by GC-MS. The kinetics of gas production from oat hay powder containing different doses of SOEO (0, 10, 20, 40, 60 and 80 µg/mL) was conducted. A total of 29 compounds in SOEO were identified and the principal were: eucalyptol (21.08 %), bicyclo hexan-3-one (16.53 %) and β-pinene (11.28 %). In addition, 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) test showed that SOEO had antioxidant capacity. The SOEO had a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity against the bacteria tested. In the present study, inclusion of SOEO at 10 µg/mL level had positive effects on in vitro OMD, ME and VFA production. However, the production of methane (CH4 ) decreased in a dosedependent manner at, the doses higher than 10 µg/mL. These findings suggested that SOEO had antioxidant and antibacterial activity and can be explored as antimethanogenic agent to control the methane production from enteric fermentation.

Keywords: Antibacterial, Antioxidant, Essential oils, Goats, Methane, Ruminal fermentation, Salvia officinalis

*Corresponding author: sebaihichem@yahoo.fr

ABSTRACT

Ahmad, S., Kamran, Z., Ahsan-ul-Haq, Yousaf, M., Ali, S., Atta-ur-Rehman, Ahmed, I., Ahmad, H.I. and Koutoulis, K.C. 2022. Effect of feeding linseed oil and vitamin A on production performance, egg characteristics and egg yolk fatty acids in laying hens under sub-tropical conditions. Animal Nutrition and Feed Technology, 22: 311-324.

In the present study, linseed oil and vitamin A were fed to the laying hens during hot summer months to produce n-3 PUFA-enriched eggs. Two hundred and forty White Leghorn hens were randomly divided into 24 replicates and fed diets, for 12 weeks,2 with 0, 2, 3, or 4% linseed oil in combination with 3000 or 10000 IU vitamin A/kg. The results revealed that the supplementation of linseed oil and vitamin A to the diets did not affect (P>0.05) the production performance and egg characteristics in laying hens. However, body weight and feed intake were decreased (P<0.05) with the increase in dietary linseed oil levels. The serum total cholesterol, triglycerides, blood glucose, egg cholesterol and triglycerides levels were similar (P> 0.05) for all dietary treatment groups. However, serum HDL-cholesterol was increased while LDL-cholesterol was decreased in laying hens with the increase in dietary linseed oil supplementation. The total n-6 PUFA and n-6/n-3 PUFA ratio were decreased while the n-3 PUFA were increased linearly (P<0.001) in the egg-yolks by increasing dietary linseed oil level. Vitamin A did not influence (P> 0.05) the egg-yolk fatty acid contents. It might be concluded that, the supplementation of linseed oil to the laying hens kept at high environmental temperature is beneficial for the production of n-3 PUFA-enriched eggs without any considerable effects on production performance.

Keywords: Egg quality, Layers, Linseed oil, Performance, Vitamin A

*Corresponding author: drshakeel@iub.edu.pk

ABSTRACT

Dutta, N., Kaur, N., Jadhav, S.E., Pattanaik, A.K. and Verma, M.R. 2022. Effect of customized mineral supplement on serum mineral profile, immunity, milk yield and reproductive performance of crossbred cattle. Animal Nutrition and Feed Technology, 22: 325-335.

This study was carried out to ascertain the effect of customized mineral supplement on the production and reproduction performance of crossbred cattle. Twenty-three lactating cows (about 30-60d post calving) at city gaushala, Bareilly, were selected for the on-farm trial. The concentrate mixture was fortified with customized mineral supplement @ 2 kg per 100 kg concentrate.The amount of concentrate mixture and basal roughages (wheat/paddy straw) were provided as per the gaushala practices. The on-farm trial continued for 60 days during which daily milk yield and milk composition were measured. In another experiment problematic cows and heifers (n=35) at city gaushala, Bareilly, were selected to assess the efficacy of customized supplement on the reproductive performance for 90 days duration. Daily milk yield, 4 % FCM and ECM and total milk yield (kg) during 60 days of lactation period did not differ significantly (P>0.05) subsequent customized mineral supplementation, however, an improvement of 11.24 % was observed in daily milk yield. The milk composition, daily fat and protein yield were parallel. Supplementation of customized mineral supplement substantially improved the conception rate in heifers and cows. The animals exhibited oestrus (heat) following 63.7±6.46 days of feeding and were inseminate, however, 20% of the animals did not show any symptom of heat. The mean body condition score (BCS) values were found to be significantly (P<0.01) higher after 30 days feeding. The serum Ca, i-P, Zn, Cu and Mn levels were significantly (P<0.01) increased following mineral supplementation. The lymphocyte proliferation induced by PHAp (CMI) assessed in terms of stimulation index (SI) was significantly (P<0.01) higher post mineral supplementation. It may be deduced that customized mineral supplement apparently improved the productive and reproductive performance of crossbred cattle.

Keywords: Cows, Customized mineral, Milk yield, Reproduction, Serum minerals, Supplementation

*Corresponding author: dutta65@gmail.com

ABSTRACT

Wani, M.A., Tyagi, P.K., Adil, S., Mir, N.A. and Sheikh, S.A. 2022. Effect of feeding rice gluten meal as alternate protein source on carcass traits, haematology, serum biochemical parameters and cost economics in broiler chicken. Animal Nutrition and Feed Technology, 22: 337-352.

The rise in the cost of conventional (maize and soybean) feed sources due to less production and competition for humans has become a constraint in economical poultry production. There is a need to explore alternative feed sources to reduce the cost and make poultry a profitable enterprise. The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of feeding rice gluten meal on carcass traits, serum biochemical parameters, gut health and cost economics in broiler chicken. Three hundred twenty day-old CARIBRO Vishal variety of broiler chicks were randomly divided into eight treatment groups with five replicates of eight birds in each, to evaluate four dietary levels (0, 150, 175, and 200g/kg diet) of rice gluten meal (RGM) with and without protease enzyme in a 42-day feeding trial. The results revealed no significant difference in carcass traits and small intestine measurements on feeding RGM either alone or with protease enzyme supplementation. No significant difference was found in haematology and gut heath microbiology. Among the serum biochemical parameters, albumin and AST were significantly (P<0.01) decreased as the level of rice gluten meal was increased in the diet. Moreover, the cost of meat production was found significantly lower in treatment groups as compared to control with no significant effect of protease enzyme supplementation. Hence, it can be concluded that incorporation of RGM up to 20% level was found economical without affecting the carcass traits, haematology, gut health and most of the serum biochemical parameters in broiler chicken.

Keywords: Biochemistry, Broiler, Carcass traits, Economics, Haematology, Rice gluten meal

*Corresponding author: aadilsheikh5@gmail.com

ABSTRACT

Dutta, T.K., Bandil, K., Chatterjee, A., Bhakat, C., Mandal, D.K. and Rai, S. 2022. In-vitro and invivo evaluation of different leguminous straw based rations on fermentation metabolites, growth and nutrient utilization in Barbari kids. Animal Nutrition and Feed Technology, 22: 353-365.

Present study evaluated three legume straw (cowpea-Vigna unguiculata, cluster bean-Cymopsis tetragonoloba and dolichos-Lablab purpureus) based rations on in vitro and in vivo rumen fermentation, voluntary intake, nutrients utilization and growth performance in weaned Barbari kids. The three substrates (T1 , T2 and T3 ) were prepared in the form of total mixed rations (TMR) containing any one of the straws @ 40%, concentrate mixture 40% (CP 14.5%, TDN 73.2%) and cowpea green fodder 20% (DM basis) and incubated for 48h at 39o C using PC based Biofermentor as rumen simulator. Eighteen Barbari kids (75 days, 6.84±0.05 kg BW) were randomly divided into three equal groups comprising 3 male, 3 female kids in each group. Kids were fed either cowpea (G1 ), cluster bean (G2 ) or dolichos (G3 ) straw ad libitum along with concentrate mixture @ 2% of the body weight and limited quantity of available green fodder (300-500 g/kid/d). In vitro degradabilities of DM, OM and CP were similar among three substrates. Total VFAs, total-N and NH3 -N in the incubation medium were greater (P<0.01) in T2 than other two substrates (T1 and T3 ). The DM, TDN and DCP intakes per kg W0.75 were similar among three treatments. CPI (g) /kg W0.75 was higher (P<0.01) in G1 as compared to other groups. The average daily gain (ADG) and FCR (kg DMI/kg gain) were also similar among all the groups. Although, there were some variations among three straws in respect of fermentation metabolites under simulated in vitro system but these straws behaved similarly with appreciable intake of nutrients and growth rate in weaned Barbari kids. Hence, anyone of the tested legume straws could be used as a basal dry roughage source for maintenance and growth of early growing kids.

Keywords: Fermentation, Growth, Intake, In vitro, Kids, Legume straw

*Corresponding author: dutta@icar.gov.in

ABSTRACT

Saharan, V., Pathak, A.K., Sharma, R.K., Sharma, N., Sarma, K. and Kumar, H. 2022. Influence of Psidium guajava leaf meal supplementation on growth performance, nutrient utilization, intestinal micrometry, caecal fermentative metabolites and microbiota of broiler chickens. Animal Nutrition and Feed Technology, 22: 367-381.

Present study was conducted to assess the effect of condensed tannins (CT) containing Psidium guajava leaf meal (PGLM) supplementation on growth performance, nutrient utilization, intestinal micrometry, caecal fermentative metabolites and microbiota of broiler chickens. Total 240 day-old broiler chicks were randomly allocated into 4 dietary treatments (T0 , T1 , T2 and T3 ), with 4 replicates of 15 chicks in each pen in a completely randomized block design for a period of 42 days. Chicks were fed basal diets supplemented with PGLM at the rate of 15, 25 and 35 g/kg, respectively in T1 , T2 and T3 groups, while, T0 group fed only basal diet. Growth performance parameters viz. feed (g) and water (ml) intakes, and weight gains (g) were significantly (P<0.05) higher in supplemented groups as compared to control. The PGLM supplementation significantly improved feed conversion ratio (FCR). Nutrients intake, digestibility and their retention were statistically similar among treatment groups, except intake and digestibility of CF. Intake of CF was significantly (P<0.05) higher in T2 and T3 as compared to T0 and T1 , whereas, CF digestibility found to be lowest in T2 and T3 and highest in T0 . Though, PGLM supplementation significantly (P<0.001) reduced E. coli, Clostridia counts, pH and ammonia (NH3 ) levels and significantly (P<0.001) increased Bifidobacteria and Lactobacilli (log CFU/ g) counts in the caecal contents. The PGLM supplementation significantly improved intestinal micrometry (villus height and crypt depth) and gut health. It may be concluded that PGLM supplementation (up to 25 g/kg) in the diet of broiler chicken is a natural alternative growth promoter, modulator of intestinal micrometry and beneficial micro-flora, without affecting nutrients utilization.

Keywords: Broilers, Gut morphology, Microbial balance, Nutrient digestibility, Psidium guajava

*Corresponding author: drakp_74@rediffmail.com

ABSTRACT

Lim, C.I., Park, J.H. and Ryu, K.S. 2022. Dietary excess supplementation of limiting amino acids promotes growth performance in broiler chickens through GH and IGF-I. Animal Nutrition and Feed Technology, 22: 383-397.

The aim of this study was to determine the effects of dietary levels of methionine (Met) and lysine (Lys) on growth, carcass traits, breast meat quality, serum parameters and immunity of broiler chickens. A total of 540 one-day-old broiler chicks were distributed to 6 dietary treatments with 6 replicates of 15 birds in each in a 2×3 factorial approach which consisted of two Met and three Lys levels. The body weight gain (BWG) was increased with the main effect of high Met levels during pre-starter, starter and overall period. In Lys effect, BWG had a tendency to increase during the grower (P<0.09) and overall period (P<0.07). Spleen weight was higher (P<0.01) in high levels of Met, and high Met group has more spleen and thymus weight. Breast meat yield and spleen weight was found higher due to high Lys. Significantly higher pH and redness of breast meat was recorded for the sole effect of Lys levels. Serum glucose was found higher in high levels of Lys with no affect in Met added group. Serum GH and IGFI levels were found higher (P<0.01) as the main effect of high Met levels as well as IGF-I concentration increased (P<0.01) in serum of chickens fed with the interaction of high density Met and Lys diets as compared to those fed with other diets. The current study suggest, that additional Met and Lys in diet of the current practices may improve body weight which may be due to the stimulation of GH and IGF- 1growth factor.

Keywords: Broiler chicken, Growth hormone, Insulin-like growth factor-I, Lysine, Methionine, Performance

*Corresponding author: seon@jbnu.ac.kr

ABSTRACT

Mohanty, P., Mohanty, S., Sahoo, L., Swain, P. and Das, K.C. 2022. Effect of feeding solid state fermented mahua oil cake (Bassia latifolia) on growth performance, enzymatic and immunological parameters in rohu (Labeo rohita). Animal Nutrition and Feed Technology, 22: 399-409.

Solid-state fermentation of mahua oil cake (Bassia latifolia) was carried out by yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae and then it was incorporated as feed ingredient for production of fish feed for rohu (Labeo rohita). To evaluate the solid-state fermented mahua oil cake as feed ingredient in rohu, two types of fish feeds were produced i.e. a control feed using raw mahua oil cake and treatment feed using solid-state fermented mahua oil cake. A feeding trial of 60 days’ duration was conducted to know the effect of feeding fish with fermented mahua oil cake during which growth performance, digestibility of nutrients, intestinal enzyme activity and non-specific immune parameter of fish fed on fermented mahua oil cake. Solid-state fermentation of mahua oil cake by yeast improved the quality of mahua oil cake by increase in crude protein (CP), decrease in crude fibre (CF) and anti-nutritional factors like saponin and tannin. Use of fermented mahua oil cake as feed ingredient in rohu resulted in significant improvement (P<0.05) of growth performance and digestibility of nutrients (dry matter, crude protein, crude fibre and ether extract) compared to control fed with raw mahua oil cake. Similarly, significantly higher (P<0.05) intestinal enzyme activity like amylase and protease and non-specific immune parameters like lysozyme, myeloperoxidase, bacterial agglutination, hem-agglutination and respiratory bust activity (P<0.05) were recorded in fish fed on fermented mahua oil cake compared to fish fed on raw mahua oil cake. This showed that, feeding of solid state fermented mahua oil cake increased the growth performance, enzyme activity and immunological parameters in rohu compared to mahua oil cake without solid state fermentation.

Keywords: Growth performance, Immune response, Mahua oil cake, Rohu, Solid-state fermentation

*Corresponding author: kcdasicar@gmail.com

ABSTRACT

Bhinda, R., Choudhary, J.L., Jat, J.R. and Muwal, H. 2022. Effect of shatavari (Asparagus racemosus) supplementation on intake, digestibility, growth and reproductive performance of crossbred heifers. Animal Nutrition and Feed Technology, 22: 411-418.

A study was conducted to evaluate the effect of Shatavari (Asparagus racemosus) supplementation on intake and digestibility of nutrients, growth and reproductive performance in crossbred heifers. Fifteen crossbred heifers were randomly divided into 3 groups 5 animals each T1 (control), T2 and T3 (treatment) in completely randomized design. In T1 no Shatavari was supplemented while in T2 and T3 Shatavari was supplemented @ 150 mg and 200 mg /kg body weight, respectively. The experimental feeding was done for a period of 90 days. A digestion trial of seven days duration was conducted at 45 days post feeding trail to determine intake and digestibility of nutrients. The daily DM intake was significantly (p<0.05) higher in both shatavari supplemented groups as compared to control group. The intake of CP and digestible CP was significantly (p<0.05) higher in T3 group compared to control group whereas, TDN intake was comparable among 3 groups. The digestibility (%) of DM, OM and NFE did not differ among all 3 groups, while digestibility (%) of CP, CF and EE was significantly higher (p<0.05) in T3 group compared to control group. The average daily gain (g) was highest in T3 followed by T2 and T1 groups. The average age at first service in crossbred heifers was significantly (P≤0.05) lower in T3 as compared to T1. It was concluded that Shatavari (Asparagus racemosus) supplementation (200 mg /kg body weight) in the diet of crossbred heifers significantly improved intake and digestibility of nutrients, growth and reproductive performance.

Keywords: Digestibility, Heifer, Nutrient intake, Shatavari.

*Corresponding author: jrbagariya@gmail.com

ABSTRACT

Ruby, P., Ahilan, B., Antony, C., Manikandavelu, D., Moses, Samuel, T.L.S. and Selvaraj, S. 2022. Effect of dietary supplementation of astaxanthin and beta-carotene on colouration, growth and survival in pearlspot (Etroplus suratensis) fingerlings under controlled conditions. Animal Nutrition and Feed Technology, 22: 419-432.

The pearlspot (Etroplus suratensis) is dull greenish black color in and less attractive cichlid fish to the customer. The present study investigated the effects of different concentration of astaxanthin and beta-carotene incorporated feeds on pigmentation of E. suratensis skin and flesh. Seven carotenoid content incorporated diets were formulated at different concentrations of axtaxanthin (100 ppm, 200 ppm and 300 ppm) and beta-carotene (30 ppm,40 ppm and 50 ppm). During the experimental period (60 days), the fishes were fed at the rate of 5% of body weight per day. The highest mean weight gain was observed in fishes fed with 300 ppm of astaxanthin (24.06±0.01 g) and 50ppm of beta-carotene (21.56±0.01 g), compared to other treatments and control. Significant improvement in the growth parameters were recorded in the experimental fishes than control. The highest carotenoid content was found in fishes fed with 300 ppm of astaxanthin and 50 ppm of beta-carotene compared to other treatments and control. There was no significant difference (P>0.05) in the growth performance of fishes by dietary carotenoid supplementation. However, significant (P<0.05) difference was observed in the flesh and skin of fishes fed with 300 ppm astaxanthin and 50 ppm beta-carotene treatment. Pearlspot fingerlings fed with carotenoid content incorporated diets showed better growth performance and feed utilization. Dietary carotenoid content influenced digestive enzyme activity, haemotological and biochemical responses. In order to improve the consumer preference and the market value of E. suratensis, these flesh and skin colouration could be improved by feeding with diets containing astaxanthin (300 ppm) and beta-carotene (50 ppm).

Keywords: Astaxanthin, Beta-carotene, Etroplus suratensis, Growth, Pigmentation.

*Corresponding author: rubyfcri@gmail.com

ABSTRACT

Rakau, M.V., Fushai, F. and Baloyi, J.J. 2022. Nutritive value of mixed napier grass (Pennisetum purpureum)– leucaena (Leucaena leucocephala) silage for ruminants. Animal Nutrition and Feed Technology, 22: 433-447.

The objectives of the study were to determine the chemical composition, ruminal degradability, and apparent digestibility of mixed Napier (Pennisetum purpureum) (PP) –Leucaena (Leucaena leucocephala) (LL) silages. Freshly cut Napier and Leucaena were harvested and mixed at 70:30; 50:50; 30:70 ensiled for six weeks. The chemical composition of the fresh forages and the silages were determined using the AOAC (1990) procedures. Dry matter (DM) and crude protein (CP) ruminal degradability were determined by nylon bag technique using three rumen cannulated Bonsmara steers for periods of 0, 6, 12, 24, 48, 72, 96 and 120 hours. DM and CP ruminal degradability kinetics were described by fitting the data on the model P= a+b (1-e-ct) using the neway computer program where a is the rapidly degradable fraction, b is the slowly degradable fraction and c is the outflow rate. Hay supplemented with 25% mixed PP: LL silages was fed to three castrated male Pedi sheep to evaluate apparent digestibility coefficient and N retention. The fresh cut PP had more CP, Fat, and ash, with less OM. Leucaena was richer in most nutrients than Napier. The study indicated the 50:50 silage was the optimal mix to maximize the overall nutritive value. The DM and CP disappearance constants a, b and c were similar for all silages. PP: LL mixing ratio did not affect the DM and CP degradability kinetics of the silages. There was no effect on total dietary intake, apparent digestibility and N retention.

Keywords: Degradability, Digestibility, Leucaena (Leucaena leucocephala), Napier grass (Pennisetum purpureum), Silage.

*Corresponding author: joseph.baloyi@univen.ac.za

ABSTRACT

Kadirvel, G., Singh, N.M., Mohan, T.B. and Kandpal, B.K. 2022. Season specific feed formulations for ameliorating climate stress in grower pigs reared under subtropical eastern himalayan region. Animal Nutrition and Feed Technology, 22: 449-458.

Thermal stress is an emerging issue for pig producers in tropical and sub-tropical Eastern Himalayan region. Thus, season specific feed was proposed to be formulated for amelioration thermal stress. Feeding experiment were conducted for both summer stress (May-August) and winter stress (November-February) in grower pigs (75% Hampshire and 25% Niang Megha). Forty-eight piglets for each experiment were selected and distributed by completely randomized design for these two experiments. The seasonal specific feed as well as standard feed were formulated and provided to the piglets as per the standard procedures. Blood cortisol was measured as indicator of stress, besides the body weight gain, average daily gain and feed conservation efficiency in the pigs. Results indicated that the grower pigs fed with summer specific feed had significantly (P<0.05) lower heat stress, higher body weight gain and better feed conversion ratio as compared to grower pigs fed with standard diet during summer season. Similarly, feeding of winter specific feed has significantly (P<0.05) lowered the cortisol level, improved the body weight gain and better feed conversion ratio in grower pigs. The study concluded that the feeding of season specific diet reduced thermal stress and improved body weight gain in growing pigs. Thus, season specific feed formulations are suggested as one of the strategies to alleviate thermal stress in the region under changing climate condition.

Keywords: Climate change, Crossbred pigs (Hampshire X Niang Megha), Pigs, Season specific feed, Thermal stress.

*Corresponding author: velvet.2007@rediffmail.com

ABSTRACT

Chinnasamy, S., Murugan, S.S., Juliet, S., Nair, S.N., Rajkumar, S., Nayar, R., Subrahmanyeswar, G. and Akkara, S.S. 2022. Effects of rapeseed oil (Rapus indicus) supplementation on omega-3 fatty acid concentration and carcass characteristics in broiler chicken. Animal Nutrition and Feed Technology, 22: 459-468

Dietary fatty acid composition in broiler influences carcass quality by altering fat deposition and fatty acid profile. Thus, the study was carried out to evaluate the effect of incorporation of rapeseed oil in broiler ration on omega-3 fatty acid concentration of carcass and its traits in broiler chicken. A total of 160 day-old straight run broilers (Vencobb 400) were randomly divided into four treatment groups (G1, G2, G3 and G4) having four replicates of ten chicks each. The basal diets (G1) were prepared to meet BIS (2007) nutrient requirements with palm oil at 1.5, 3, and 4.5 per cent in pre-starter, starter and finisher diets, respectively. The experimental diets were broiler rations prepared with rapeseed oil replacing 25, 50 and 100 per cent of palm oil in G2, G3 and G4 diets, respectively. The diets were fed ad libitum till 6 weeks of age. Six birds from each group were randomly selected and slaughtered on 42nd day to study omega-3 fatty acid concentration of carcass and its characteristics. The crude fat content of breast and thigh muscle was significantly (P<0.05) reduced in the group fed rapeseed oil included diets. However, carcass yield, processing yield and meat to bone ratio of cut up parts was not significantly affected. The colour and pH of breast and thigh muscles were similar among the treatment groups. Omega- 3 fatty acid concentration was significantly (P<0.01) increased in both breast and thigh muscle of G4 group broilers compared to G1 group. Thus, rapeseed oil inclusion in diet significantly increased omega-3 fatty acid concentration and significantly reduced crude fat concentration breast and thigh muscles with no effect on the carcass yield and its quality when included in the diet replacing palm oil at different proportion.

Keywords:Broiler chickens, Carcass characteristics, Omega-3 fatty acid, Rapeseed oil.

*Corresponding author: c.sudharsan93@gmail.com,